毕业论文外文文献翻译

毕业论文外文文献查询

1.如何在知网查看外文文献?

付费内容限时免费查看 回答 您好，我这边正在为您查询，请稍等片刻，我这边马上回复您~ 您好，很高兴为您解答。

方法一STEP 1 在知网官网搜索主题、关键词、题名等信息。 STEP 2 点击【外文文献】，就可以看到搜索词下的全部外文文献。

知网可以自动识别中英文对应搜索内容。 方法二 运用 CNKI学术搜索 中国知网与世界100多家国际出版社达成合作，整合出版了数百个重要的学术数据库，3亿多篇中外文文献。

STEP 1 在主页进行搜索，点击【全文获取】。 STEP 2 点击 Get Access ，可以看到数据库该文章是否免费开放下载权限，可以通过 Check Access 或者单独付费获得文章。

希望以上回答对您有所帮助~ 如果您对我的回答满意的话，麻烦给个赞哦~ 更多11条 。

2.如何找外文文献

在检索过程中，常用的数据库有以下几个：（做成链接，减少篇幅） 中文数据库类： CNKI 维普 万方 外文数据库类： Sciencedirect Blackwell Springer Wiely NCBI Stanford 查文献时最好是从中文开始，然后是外文文献。

主要有以下几种方法： 1。 根据文章出处，去一些较大图书馆查找原文。

2。 如果学校或单位有CNKI，维普，万方的话，就比较好办，中文文献一般都可以搞定，把关键词、期刊名称、卷，期、年等信息输入即可检索到。

3。 对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier,Springer等。

这些数据库里面文献很多，可以为我们提供很多的文献资源。 4。

如果所在单位或大学没有购买这些数据库，我们可以去Science网上杂志找文章，对中国人完全免费！另外还可以通过Google学术搜索（ ）来查询。里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样，然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文。

5。 如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索，是因为很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。

第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者。 6。

让所在的研究所图书馆的管理员帮忙从外面的图书馆文献传递，不过有的文献可能是收费的。 7。

到网络资源上求助，如鸭绿江学术资源论坛文献求助获得（ ）；如果你需要的文献目前还没有电子版，也可以通过馆藏求助获得全文。 在找到中文文献之后，就可以通过其中的英文关键词来查找英文文献。

总的来说，现在获得文献途径很多，越来越太容易，但是对文献的消化吸收严重不够。我们不能变成文献的收集者，要做文献的利用和使用者，研读关键文献，注重基础学习才是关键；要让信息成为财富，关键是消化吸收，而不能成为信息的奴第，图书馆，文献几个G，自己却无一丝长进。

最后，如果大家有兴趣，可以登录鸭绿江学术资源论坛（ ） 更专业的网络资源，在里面系统学习，如文献代理、EZ资源等等。学会了他们，就不会找不到想要的文献了。

3.如何检索查找国外文献学术论文

任何一个课题的研究或开发都是有学科基础或技术基础的。综述部分主要阐述选题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解选题的意义。综述部分能反映出毕业设计学生多方面的能力。首先，反映中外文献的阅读能力。通过查阅文献资料，了解同行的研究水平，在工作中和论文中有效地运用文献，这不仅能避免简单的重复研究，而且也能使研究开发工作有一个高起点。其次，还能反映出综合分析的能力。从大量的文献中找到可以借鉴和参考的，这不仅要有一定的专业知识水平，还要有一定的综合能力。对同行研究成果是否能抓住要点，优缺点的评述是否符合实际，恰到好处，这和一个人的分析理解能力是有关的。值得注意的是，要做好一篇毕业论文，必须阅读一定量（2~3篇）的外文资料，这不仅反映自己的外文阅读能力，而且有助于论文的先进性。

1、论文摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论（尤其是自我评价）。

2、不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。

3、结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。

4、用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。

5、要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。

6、除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。

7、不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。

8、缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。

9、论文摘要之撰写通常在整篇论文将近完稿期间开始，以期能包括所有之内容。但亦可提早写作，然后视研究之进度作适当修改。有关论文摘要写作时应注意下列事项：

10、整理你的材料使其能在最小的空间下提供最大的信息面。

11、用简单而直接的句子。避免使用成语、俗语或不必要的技术性用语。

12、请多位同僚阅读并就其简洁度与完整性提供意见。

13、删除无意义的或不必要的字眼。但亦不要矫枉过正，将应有之字眼过份删除，如在英文中不应删除必要之冠词如a''an''the等。

14、尽量少用缩写字。在英文的情况较多，量度单位则应使用标准化者。特殊缩写字使用时应另外加以定义。

15、不要将在文章中未提过的数据放在摘要中。

16、不要为扩充版面将不重要的叙述放入摘要中，即使摘要仅能以一两句话概括，就让维持这样吧，切勿画蛇添足。

17、不要将文中之所有数据大量地列于摘要中，平均值与标准差或其它统计指标仅列其最重要的一项即可。

18、不要置放图或表于摘要之中，尽量采用文字叙述。

变电站毕业论文外文文献(我在做发电厂的毕业论文,需要英文文献,希望毕业的大哥大姐指导)

1.我在做发电厂的毕业论文,需要英文文献,希望毕业的大哥大姐指导

张玉铎、王满稼.热工自动控制系统.北京.水利电力出版社.1985：刘吉臻.协调控制与给水全程控制.北京.中国电力出版社.1995:1-101侯奎源.热工过程控制工程.北京.化学工业出版社.1998康 松.汽轮机原理及运行.北京.中国电力出版社.1986金以慧.过程控制.北京.清华大学出版社.1999：刘晨辉.多变量过程控制解耦理论. 北京. 水利电力出版社.1984.王志祥，朱祖涛.热工控制设计简明手册[M].北京：中国电力出版社.1998范从振.锅炉原理.北京.水利电力出版社.1995:125-145黄忠霖.控制系统MATLAB计算及仿真.北京.国防工业出版社.2001:35-106王东风，韩璞，曾德良.单元机组协调控制系统发展和研究.中国电力.2002 潘维加，张茂川.单元机组状态解耦协调控制系统.东北电力学院学报.1994。

2.谁能提供毕业设计“220kv降压变电所设计”的外文翻译??

第一章 原始资料及分析

第一节 原始资料

第二节 原始资料分析

第二章 电气主接线的设计

第一节 概述

第二节 接线形式

第三章 短路电流计算

第一节 短路电流计算的目的和条件

第二节 计算步骤及计算结果

第四章 电气设备的选择

第一节 导体和电气设备选择的一般条件

第二节 设备选择

第五章 高压配电装置

第一节 设计原则与要求

第一节 电抗标么值计算

。.

。。。..

有这个范文可以参详就。。的

220kv降压变电所设计

包括外文翻译的了

发噶的风格

3.求单片机毕业设计英文文献

电子类目录

001CDMA通信系统中的接入信道部分进行仿真与分析.doc

002LED显示屏动态显示和远程监控的实现.doc

003MCS-51单片机温度控制系统.doc

004PLC电路在备用自动投入中.doc

005PLC在变电站变压器自动化中的实现.doc

006USB接口设计.pdf

007USB数据采集系统论文.doc

008OFDM通信系统基带数据.pdf

009变频恒压供水控制系统的研究.doc

010超声波测距模块的设计.doc

011车辆牌照图像识别算法研究与实现.doc

012城市交通决策支持系统.doc

013出租车计价器课程设计任务书.doc

014单片机CHMOS技术毕业设计.doc

015单片机程序控制语音播放.doc

016单片机串行通信发射机.doc

017单片机的数字钟设计.doc

018单片机的智能电源管理系统.doc

019单片机课程设计__电子密码锁报告.doc

020单片机课程设计-交通灯.doc

021单片机控制步进电机.doc

022单片机控制交通灯.doc

022单片机软件喂狗方式和硬件喂狗方式的比较.pdf

023单片机小系统板安装实习报告.doc

024单片机作息时间控制1.doc

025单片机作息时间控制.doc

026点阵电子显示屏设计.doc

027电动智能小车（完整论文）.doc

028电力电子技术在绿色照明电路中的应用.doc

029电力拖动控制系统设计.doc

030电力线载波调制解调器设计.doc

031电气火灾自动保护型断路器的设计.doc

032电视伴音红外转发器的设计.doc

033电信运营商收入保障系统设计与实现.doc

034电子测评仪的设计.doc

035电子电路的电子仿真实验研究.doc

036电子设计大赛点阵电子显示屏（A题）.doc

037对漏电保护安全性能的剖析.doc

038多传感器障碍物检测系统的软件设计.doc

039火灾自动报警系统设计.doc

040基于16位单片机的语音电子门锁系统.doc

041基于51单片机的多路温度采集控制系统设计.doc

042基于AC3的虚拟环绕声实现.doc

043基于GSM短信模块的家庭防盗报警系统.doc

044基于Linux的SNMP构建中小规模企业网管理系统.kdh

045基于Lotus DominoNotes的办公自动化系统研究与实现.caj

046基于PLC的中密度纤维板生产线智能监控系统的研究.NH

047基于SNMP的网络应用软件监控系统设计.caj

048基于VB实现PC机与单片机的串行通讯.doc

049基于WEB的CAI课件写作系统的设计与实现.NH

050基于XML的WEB数据库信息发布系统的研究与设计.nh

051基于车轮制动力测量系统评价汽车制动性能.KDH

052基于单片机的电器遥控器设计.doc

053基于单片机的多功能智能小车设计（电路+程序+论文）.doc

054移相全桥型零电压开关PWM电路的设计.doc

055基于单片机的数码录音与播放系统.doc

056基于单片机控制的霓虹灯控制器.doc

057基于定点DS

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本文来自： 一流设计吧（） 详细出处参考：

4.毕业论文的外文文献及翻译怎么弄

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品，原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。

如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。

这个中文版本就称为译文 回答者： xffjy - 见习魔法师 三级 10-22 11:52。

写毕业论文中的外文文献(毕业论文中的外文参考文献什么什么意思?)

1.毕业论文中的外文参考文献什么什么意思?

意思是该参考文献来自国外。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。

按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

参考文献的正确运用对学术论文的整体质量而言是至关重要的，但是，参考文献引用不当的问题还是层出不穷，严重影响了论文本身的质量，降低了基于此的各类评价指标的客观性和可信度。

扩展资料

参考文献的功能

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，对于其本身有着不可替代的作用，相关论述已非常充分，在此不一一赘述了，只重申一下重点。

与作者而言，参考文献是论文科学选题的前提，是论证观点的有力支撑，是继承和传播前人研究成果的有效方式，保护和评价他人的劳动成果。

与学术期刊而言，参考文献可为编者审稿选稿提供参考借鉴，为自身的影响力扩散打造有利条件，可完成不同期刊之间的学术成果传递，节约宝贵有限的版面。

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

参考资料来源：人民网-关于参考文献不当引用的表现及控制探析

2.毕业论文外文文献

Articles on Tax Resistance, Including: Whiskey Rebellion, Free Trade Zone, Starve the Beast, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion, Institute for Fiscal Studi

Articles on International Business, Including: Free Trade, Bilderberg Group, Special Economic Zone, Multinational Corporation, Netherlands Institute

Free Trade Zone Factory Supervisors

Economy of Panama: Puebla-Panama Plan, International Rankings of Panama, Colon Free Trade Zone, Panamanian Balboa

Articles on Special Economic Zones, Including: Special Economic Zone, Free Trade Zone, Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Pudong, Xiangshan County, Guangdo

3.毕业论文中的外文文献怎么写啊,我做的是访客通安全管理系统

14.4.2 外文文献

各类外文文献的文后参考文献格式与中文示例相同；为了计算机检索方便，建议题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母大写，期刊的刊名等可用全称或按ISO 4规定的缩写格式。为了减少外文刊名引用不规范所造成的引文统计及链接误差，建议以（SXXXX-XXXX）格式在刊名后加ISSN号。例：

[24]JONES R M.Mechanics of Composite Materials[M].New York:McGraw Hill Book Company,1975.

[25]Marcel Merle.Sociologie des Relations Internationales[M]. 4th ed. Paris: Dalloz,1988.

[26]CHERNIK B E. Introduction to Library Services for Library Technicians[M]. Littleton,Colo.:Libraries Unlimited,Inc,1982.

[27]International Federation of Library Association and Institutions.Names of Persons:National Usages for Entry in Catalogues[M]. 3rd ed.London:IFLA International Office for UBC,1977ر

[28]Klaus Hildbrand.Das Drite Reich[M].Müchen:Bund-Verlag GmbH,1979.

[29]Григорян С В.Рудничная Геохимия[M].Москва： Недра，1992.

自动控制毕业论文外文文献(需要一篇自动控制方面的英文文献)

1.需要一篇自动控制方面的英文文献

本毕业设计课题是属于教师拟定性课题，主要是研究基于单片机的对步进电机的有效控制。

步进电机是一种能将数字输入脉冲转换成旋转或直线增量运动的电磁执行元件，每输入一个脉冲电机转轴步进一个步距角增量。电机总的回转角与输入脉冲数成正比例，相应的转速取决于输入脉冲频率。

步进电机是机电一体化产品中关键部件之一，通常被用作定位控制和定速控制。步进电机惯量低、定位精度高、无累积误差、控制简单等特点。

广泛应用于机电一体化产品中，如：数控机床、包装机械、计算机外围设备、复印机、传真机等。 AbstractThis article mainly elaborated has been hanging the movement control system merit, introduced was hanging the movement control system function, the principle and the design process. Is hanging the movement control system is one of in control engineering domain important applications, its main target is to is controlled the object the movement condition, including path, speed and position implementation check. The movement control system compares with other control systems, has the system model simply, the check algorithm is unitary, also not complex characteristic and so on non-linearity and coupling situation. Also is precisely because the movement control system can implement to the path, the running rate, the pointing accuracy as well as the repetition precision accuracy control requirement, has the broad application foreground in each category of control engineering, therefore the movement control system has at present become in the check study application domain very much significant the research direction. Through the monolithic integrated circuit to stepping monitor check, implemented the motor-driven to cause the object at on the board which inclined the movement, The control section is the SST89E52 monolithic microcomputer which SST Corporation produces primarily, with when the 1602LCD liquid crystal screen and according to turned has implemented with the user interactive, through the keyboard entry different control command, the liquid-crystal display was allowed to display the setting value and the run the coordinates. The electrical machinery control section used LM324N four to transport puts and is connected the electronic primary device voluntarily to develop the 42BYG205 stepping monitor actuation electric circuit to implement the electrical machinery accuracy control. The algorithm partially for will suit the monolithic integrated circuit system to operate carries on optimizes many times, will reduce the microprocessor the operand. Has completed the object voluntarily the movement and according to the different setup path movement. Key words Magneto; 1602LCD; LM324N; Drive circuit 选择步进电机时，首先要保证步进电机的输出功率大于负载所需的功率。

而在选用功率步进电机时，首先要计算机械系统的负载转矩，电机的矩频特性能满足机械负载并有一定的余量保证其运行可靠。在实际工作过程中，各种频率下的负载力矩必须在矩频特性曲线的范围内。

一般地说最大静力矩Mjmax大的电机，负载力矩大[1 ]。 选择步进电机时，应使步距角和机械系统匹配，这样可以得到机床所需的脉冲当量。

在机械传动过程中为了使得有更小的脉冲当量，一是可以改变丝杆的导程，二是可以通过步进电机的细分驱动来完成。但细分只能改变其分辨率，不改变其精度。

精度是由电机的固有特性所决定。 选择功率步进电机时，应当估算机械负载的负载惯量和机床要求的启动频率，使之与步进电机的惯性频率特性相匹配还有一定的余量，使之最高速连续工作频率能满足机床快速移动的需要。

基于单片机的悬挂运动控制系统，具有硬件电路结构简单，精确度高，抗干扰性强等优点。1.2 课题目的培养综合运用四年大学所学知识去分析问题和解决实际问题的能力。

在实践中检验所学知识，从而加强理论与实践的相结合。 体验一个科研项目开发的全过程，学会单片机开发应用方法，锻炼应用能力，动手能力。

本课题设计是具有一定难度的基于单片机的应用系统开发项目，培养学生创新精神和创新能力。通过这次毕业论文及设计，检验的综合素质和专业教育的培养效果，并且使学会阅读、利用英文文献资料，阅读并翻译外文资料的能力，学会设计报告和论文。

1.3 课题意义随着社会的发展、科技的进步以及人们生活水平的逐步提高，各种方便于生活的自动控制系统开始进入了人们的生活，以单片机为核心的自动门系统就是其中之一。同时也标志了自动控制领域成为了数字化时代的一员[ 3]。

它实用性强，功能齐全，技术先进，使人们相信这是科技进步的成果。它更让人类懂得，数字时代的发展将改变人类的生活，将加快科学技术的发展。

通过对“微机控制自动门系统”的研究和设计，精心撰写了微机控制自动门系统论文。本论文着重阐述了以单片机为主体，LED点阵显。

2.求一篇自动化有关的英文文献及翻译

机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程序或指令自动进行操作或控制的过程，其目标是“稳，准，快”。

自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来，而且能扩展人的器官功能，极大地提高劳动生产率，增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。

因此，自动化是工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。Machine or device in the absence of intervention procedures or instructions required automatic operation or control of the process and its goal is \u0026quot;steady, accurate and fast.\u0026quot; Automation technology is widely used in industry, agriculture, military, scientific research, transportation, business, health, services, and family and so on. The use of automation technology not only to take people from the heavy manual labor, some mental and poor and dangerous working conditions of liberation, but also to expand people\u0026#39;s organ function, significantly raising labor productivity, enhance human understanding of the world and the ability to change the world . Therefore, the automation industry, agriculture, national defense and modernization of science and technology。

3.求有关自动控制或通信、系统方面的英文文献~~找到给50分

CommunicationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor other uses, see Communication (disambiguation).Communication is the process of transferring information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood by both sender and receiver. It is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. Use of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home, school, community, work, and beyond. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation occur.[1] Communication is the articulation of sending a message, through different media [2] whether it be verbal or nonverbal, so long as a being transmits a thought provoking idea, gesture, action, etc.Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction.Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated), source, emisor, sender or encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination, receiver, target or decoder (to whom), and the purpose or pragmatic aspect. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols), pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent). Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk.In a simple model, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect.Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information.。

4.求关于PLC 机械手的英文文献 不带翻译

机器人机器人可以界定一种由电子、电气或机械单位组成的可编程、自动控制装置。

更一般地说，它是一种职能到位的生活智能机器，机器人尤其可取的是某些工作职能。它他们和人类不同，他们不会感到疲惫和厌倦， 可以在环境条件差和真空，甚至是危险的环境下工作，他们不会因为一味地重复工作感到厌倦放下手边的工作。

机器人不同于一般机械设备的特征是机器人可以自己进行工作，并对内外部的工作状况进行检测，将检测到的结果反馈给控制系统，由控制系统下达命令来调整下一步的动作，更为重要的是机器人往往有能力去尝试不同的方法来完成某项任务。 常见的工业机器人由于受到制造精度的限制，他们的外型看上去都非常的庞大和笨重，机器人在程序的控制下进行高效和高精度的工作。

有人估计在1998年有72万台工业机器人被应用到生产中。可通信机器人被用在海底和核设施等半结构化的环境中，他们在那里从事非重复性任务，时间也没有太大的限制。

“机器人”在古时候是指的是一个人， 现代“机器人“一词最早出现在20世纪的捷克语中，在捷克语中机器人的意思是奴隶、仆人或被强迫工作的劳动力。 机器人与人有很大的区别，但他们也非常的灵活，能够完成各种不同的工作。

据剧作家卡雷尔`卡培科介绍， 最初的机器人就像弗兰肯斯坦博士的怪物—-不是用机械式的方法，而是有化学和生物的原理造出来。从这些最初的生物创作来看，这和目前的机械机器人流行文化没有多大不同。

目前机器人领域已经有了许许多多的具有基本物理和导航能力机器人，同时，人们也开始将机器人运用于从娱乐到卫生保健等各个部门的日常生活中，进而完全取代人类。 许多爱好智能机器人的研究者正在不遗余力的进行机器人的设计。

此外，机器人可用于更普遍的工作，例如清洁卫生的工作。 然而发明机器人的最初目的是代替人类在肮脏、枯燥和危险下进行工作，可是现在他们现被当作个人助理。

随着科学技术发展到一个新的境界， 机器人将会具有更多的智慧，对人类的未来产生重大影响。f机械，机电类毕业设计1毕业设计 可伸缩带式输送机结构设计 2毕业设计 AWC机架现场扩孔机设计3毕业论文复合化肥混合比例装置及PLC控制系统设计 4机械设计课程设计 带式输送机说明书和总装图4毕业设计 冲压废料自动输送装置 5专用机床PLC控制系统的设计 6课程设计 带式输送机传动装置 7毕业论文 桥式起重机副起升机构设计 8毕业论文 两齿辊破碎机设计 9 63CY14-1B轴向柱塞泵改进设计（共32页，19000字） 10毕业设计 连杆孔研磨装置设计 11毕业设计 旁承上平面与下心盘上平面垂直距离检测装置的设计 12.. 机械设计课程设计 带式运输机传动装置设计 13皮带式输送机传动装置的一级圆柱齿轮减速器 14毕业设计（论文） 立轴式破碎机设计 15毕业设计（论文） C6136型经济型数控改造（横向） 16高空作业车工作臂结构设计及有限元分析 17 2007届毕业生毕业设计 机用虎钳设计 18毕业设计无轴承电机的结构设计 19毕业设计 平面关节型机械手设计 20毕业设计 三自由度圆柱坐标型工业机器人 21毕业设计XKA5032A/C数控立式升降台铣床自动换刀设计 22毕业设计 四通管接头的设计 23课程设计：带式运输机上的传动及减速装置 24毕业设计（论文） 行星减速器设计三维造型虚拟设计分析 25毕业设计论文 关节型机器人腕部结构设计 26本科生毕业设计全套资料 Z32K型摇臂钻床变速箱的改进设计/ 27毕业设计 EQY-112-90 汽车变速箱后面孔系钻削组合机床设计 28毕业设计 D180柴油机12孔攻丝机床及夹具设计 29毕业设计 C616型普通车床改造为经济型数控车床 30毕业设计（论文）说明书 中单链型刮板输送机设计 液压类毕业设计1毕业设计 ZFS1600/12/26型液压支架掩护梁设计2毕业设计 液压拉力器 3毕业设计 液压台虎钳设计 4毕业设计论文 双活塞液压浆体泵液力缸设计 5毕业设计 GKZ高空作业车液压和电气控制系统设计 数控加工类毕业设计1课程设计 设计低速级斜齿轮零件的机械加工工艺规程 2毕业设计 普通车床经济型数控改造 3毕业论文 钩尾框夹具设计（镗φ92孔的两道工序的专用夹具） 。

4 机械制造工艺学课程设计 设计“拨叉”零件的机械加工工艺规程及工艺装备（年产量5000件）5课程设计 四工位专用机床传动机构设计 6课程设计说明书 设计“推动架”零件的机械加工工艺及工艺设备 7机械制造技术基础课程设计 制定CA6140车床法兰盘的加工工艺，设计钻4*φ9mm孔的钻床夹具 8械制造技术基础课程设计 设计“CA6140车床拨叉”零件的机械加工工艺及工艺设备 9毕业设计 轴类零件设计 10毕业设计 壳体零件机械加工工艺规程制订及第工序工艺装备设计 11毕业设计 单拐曲轴零件机械加工规程设计说明书 12机械制造课程设计 机床传动齿轮的工艺规程设计（大批量） 13课程设计 轴零件的机械加工工艺规程制定 14毕业论文 开放式CNC(Computer Numerical Control)系统设计15毕业设计 单拐曲轴工艺流程 16毕业设计 壳体机械加工工艺规程 17毕业设计 连杆机械加工工艺规程 18毕业设计（论文） 子程序在冲孔模生产中的运用——编制数控加工（1#-6#）标模。

5.热驱动吸收空调制冷的基本组成及工作原理

你说的应该就是常说的溴化锂制冷机。

真空状态下，溴化锂吸收式制冷机以水为制冷剂，溴化锂水溶液为吸收剂，制取0℃以上的低温水，多用于中央空调系统。

溴化锂制冷机利用水在高真空状态下沸点变低（只有4摄氏度）的特点来制冷（利用水沸腾的潜热）。

溴化锂制冷机即溴化锂吸收式制冷机 用溴化锂水溶液为工质，其中水为制冷剂，溴化锂为吸收剂。溴化锂属盐类，为白色结晶，易溶于水和醇，无毒，化学性质稳定，不会变质。溴化锂水溶液中有空气存在时对钢铁有较强的腐蚀性。溴化锂吸收式制冷机因用水为制冷剂，蒸发温度在0℃以上，仅可用于空气调节设备和制备生产过程用的冷水。这种制冷机可用低压水蒸汽或75℃以上的热水作为热源，因而对废气、废热、太阳能和低温位热能的利用具有重要的作用。

在溴化锂吸收式制冷中，由于溴化锂水溶液本身沸点很高（1265℃），极难挥发，所以可认为溴化锂饱和溶液液面上的蒸汽为纯水蒸汽；在一定温度下，溴化锂水溶液液面上的水蒸气饱和分压力小于纯水的饱和分压力；而且浓度越高，液面上的水蒸气饱和分压力越小。所以在相同的温度条件下，溴化锂水溶液浓度越大，其吸收水分的能力就越强。这也就是通常采用溴化锂作为吸收剂，水作为制冷剂的原因。溴化锂吸收式制冷机主要由发生器、冷凝器、蒸发器、吸收器、换热器、循环泵等几部分组成。在溴化锂吸收式制冷机运行过程中，当溴化锂水溶液在发生器内受到热媒水的加热后，溶液中的水不断汽化；随着水的不断汽化，发生器内的溴化锂水溶液浓度不断升高，进入吸收器；水蒸气进入冷凝器，被冷凝器内的冷却水降温后凝结，成为高压低温的液态水；当冷凝器内的水通过节流阀进入蒸发器时，急速膨胀而汽化，并在汽化过程中大量吸收蒸发器内冷媒水的热量，从而达到降温制冷的目的；在此过程中，低温水蒸气进入吸收器，被吸收器内的溴化锂水溶液吸收，溶液浓度逐步降低，再由循环泵送回发生器，完成整个循环。如此循环不息，连续制取冷量。由于溴化锂稀溶液在吸收器内已被冷却，温度较低，为了节省加热稀溶液的热量，提高整个装置的热效率，在系统中增加了一个换热器，让发生器流出的高温浓溶液与吸收器流出的低温稀溶液进行热交换，提高稀溶液进入发生器的温度。

6.关于dcs的外文论文 最好有汉语翻译

Let's start off this chapter by defining the term web application. We've all seen regular client-side applications, but what exactly is a web application? Loosely, it can be defined as an application running on a server a user accesses through a thin, general-purpose client. Today, the most common client is a web browser on a PC or workstation, but other kinds of clients are rapidly joining the party, such as wireless PDAs, cell phones, and other specialized devices. The lofty goal here is to access all the information and services you need from any type of device that happens to be in front of you. This means that the same simple client program must be able to talk to many different server applications, and the applications must be able to work with many different types of clients. To satisfy this need, the protocol of how a client and a server talk to each other must be defined in detail. That's exactly what the HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) is for. The communication model defined by HTTP forms the foundation for all web application design. A basic understanding of HTTP is key to developing applications that fit within the constraints of the protocol, no matter which server-side technology you use. In this chapter, we look at the most important details of HTTP you need to be aware of as a web application developer. One other item: this book is about using JSP as the server-side technology, so that's what we'll focus on. As you saw in Chapter 1, JSP is based on the Java servlet technology. Both technologies share a lot of terminology and concepts, so knowing a bit about servlets will help you even when you develop pure JSP applications. To really understand and use the full power of JSP, you need to know a fair bit about servlets. Hence, we'll take a look at servlet fundamentals in the last section of this chapter. server using the specified protocol. An HTTP request message consists of three things: a request line, request headers, and possibly a request body. The request line starts with the request method name, followed by a resource identifier and the protocol version used by the browser: GET /index.html HTTP/1.0 The most commonly used request method is named GET. As the name implies, a GET request is used to retrieve a resource from the server. It's the default request method, so if you type a URL in the browser's address field, or click on a link, the request will be sent as a GET request to the server. The request headers provide additional information the server may use to process the request. The message body is included only in some types of requests, like the POST request discussed later. Here's an example of a valid HTTP request message:。

7.天津职业技术师范大学 交通运输专业怎么样

首先恭喜你考入我校，呵呵，这个专业在我们学校还是不错的。

用官方的回答就是下面的内容，

天津职业技术师范大学 汽车与交通学院

交通运输专业

（城市轨道交通运营管理方向）（理工）

一、培养目标：着力使学生知识结构合理，具有交通运输、城市轨道交通运营管理的基本知识与基本技能，培养职业院校城市轨道交通类相关专业教学的一体化师资，培养在城市轨道交通的相关领域内，从事运营管理、装备应用、维修维护的应用型高级专门人才。

二、培养要求：

1.具有较扎实的自然科学基础、较好的人文与社会科学基础；

2.系统地掌握本专业领域较宽广的技术理论，主要包括运筹学、管理学、计算机应用等基础知识，掌握本专业必需的城市轨道交通运营与装备的基本知识与基本技能；

3.具有城市轨道交通运营管理专业领域必要的专业知识，了解其学科前沿及发展趋势；

4.具有一定的相关专业领域知识、技术和技能，解决社会、生产实践问题的能力；

5.掌握一门外语，具有一定的听、说及阅读专业外文文献的能力；

6.实行双证书制，获得一项职业资格证书；

7.具有较强的自学能力和创新意识，具有初步的科研开发、设计制造、组织管理能力。

三、主要课程：工程力学、电工电子技术、机械设计基础、运筹学、技术经济学、自动控制原理、电机与拖动、城市轨道交通车辆结构与原理、城市轨道交通车辆故障诊断与维修、城市轨道交通运营管理织、城市轨道交通运输技术管理等。

四、主要实践性教学环节：金工实习、课程设计、职业技能训练、城市轨道交通车辆机电拆装实习、城市轨道交通车辆企业实习、电工实习、毕业设计等，并实施大学生创新培养计划，开展设计、实践活动。

五、授予学位：工学学士。

（汽车运用方向）（理工）

一、人才培养目标：本专业培养适应社会主义现代化建设需要的，德智体美全面发展的，掌握运筹学、管理学、汽车运用工程、交通运输工程等方面基本知识、基本理论、基本方法，学生毕业后具备交通运输科学与工程等方面的知识，在交通运输、汽车运用工程、物流工程等领域内，从事交通运输专业的一体化职教师资和应用型高级专门人才。

二、业务培养要求：本专业学生学习运筹学、管理学、汽车运用工程等方面的基本理论和基本知识，具有进行现代汽车测试、故障诊断、机务和技术管理等方面的基本技能，具有运用现代科学方法进行交通运输企业管理的基本能力。

本专业毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力：

9. 具有较扎实的自然科学基础、较好的人文与社会科学基础；

10. 系统地掌握本专业领域较宽广的技术理论，主要包括机械、电工与电子技术基础、计算机应用等基础知识，掌握本专业必需的汽车检测维修技术的基本技能及汽车运用和汽车市场营销的基本方法；

11. 具有本专业领域内汽车运用工程专业方向所必要的专业知识，了解其学科前沿及发展趋势；

12. 具有一定的应用相关知识、技术和技能解决社会、生产实践问题的能力；

13. 掌握一门外语，具有一定的听、说及阅读专业外文文献的能力；

14. 实行双证书制，获得一项职业资格证书；

15. 具有较强的自学能力和创新意识，具有初步的科学研究、科技开发及组织管理能力。

三、主干学科：交通运输工程、汽车运用工程

四、主要课程：理论力学、材料力学、交通运输工程学、概率统计、运筹学、物流学、运输技术经济学、汽车构造、汽车检测与诊断技术、汽车运用工程、发动机电子控制技术、智能交通系统、汽车保险与理赔、物流机械等。

五、主要实践性教学环节：金工实习、汽车构造拆装实习、汽车电器实习、课程设计、职业技能训练、交通行业实习、毕业设计等，并实施大学生创新培养计划，开展设计、实践活动。

六、修业年限：标准学制四年。

七、授予学位：工学学士。

8.关于单片机方面的英文文献,最还有翻译

本毕业设计课题是属于教师拟定性课题，主要是研究基于单片机的对步进电机的有效控制。

步进电机是一种能将数字输入脉冲转换成旋转或直线增量运动的电磁执行元件，每输入一个脉冲电机转轴步进一个步距角增量。电机总的回转角与输入脉冲数成正比例，相应的转速取决于输入脉冲频率。

步进电机是机电一体化产品中关键部件之一，通常被用作定位控制和定速控制。步进电机惯量低、定位精度高、无累积误差、控制简单等特点。

广泛应用于机电一体化产品中，如：数控机床、包装机械、计算机外围设备、复印机、传真机等。 AbstractThis article mainly elaborated has been hanging the movement control system merit, introduced was hanging the movement control system function, the principle and the design process. Is hanging the movement control system is one of in control engineering domain important applications, its main target is to is controlled the object the movement condition, including path, speed and position implementation check. The movement control system compares with other control systems, has the system model simply, the check algorithm is unitary, also not complex characteristic and so on non-linearity and coupling situation. Also is precisely because the movement control system can implement to the path, the running rate, the pointing accuracy as well as the repetition precision accuracy control requirement, has the broad application foreground in each category of control engineering, therefore the movement control system has at present become in the check study application domain very much significant the research direction. Through the monolithic integrated circuit to stepping monitor check, implemented the motor-driven to cause the object at on the board which inclined the movement, The control section is the SST89E52 monolithic microcomputer which SST Corporation produces primarily, with when the 1602LCD liquid crystal screen and according to turned has implemented with the user interactive, through the keyboard entry different control command, the liquid-crystal display was allowed to display the setting value and the run the coordinates. The electrical machinery control section used LM324N four to transport puts and is connected the electronic primary device voluntarily to develop the 42BYG205 stepping monitor actuation electric circuit to implement the electrical machinery accuracy control. The algorithm partially for will suit the monolithic integrated circuit system to operate carries on optimizes many times, will reduce the microprocessor the operand. Has completed the object voluntarily the movement and according to the different setup path movement. Key words Magneto; 1602LCD; LM324N; Drive circuit。

直接翻译外文能当毕业论文使用吗(毕业论文中的外文翻译能直接百度吗)

1.毕业论文中的外文翻译能直接百度吗

英文照抄就好，翻译你自己在网页上面一句一句的翻译，然后继续照抄就好，跟你讲，出发你是英语专业的，其他根本没人看你的英文照抄。这个也看导师，你自己把自己写的论文内容还有知识点都弄透彻，要不然答辩的时候问你你根本答不出来，那么答辩就过不了了，其他都没事的，不用担心，都要大学毕业了，我觉得学校不可能为难你。因为学院也需要毕业通过率还有什么就业率等等，研究好自己写的论文的重点就好，不用那么大的负担，但是正文一点不能照抄太多，因为学校会通过软件对你的论文进行检测，如果相同率达到一个值的话就要重新写论文，然后各种流程重新走一编，很麻烦，我们学校当时的相同率是不能达到20%。

希望对你有帮助，望采纳~~~

学士毕业论文外文文献(毕业论文外文文献)

1.毕业论文外文文献

Articles on Tax Resistance, Including: Whiskey Rebellion, Free Trade Zone, Starve the Beast, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion, Institute for Fiscal Studi

Articles on International Business, Including: Free Trade, Bilderberg Group, Special Economic Zone, Multinational Corporation, Netherlands Institute

Free Trade Zone Factory Supervisors

Economy of Panama: Puebla-Panama Plan, International Rankings of Panama, Colon Free Trade Zone, Panamanian Balboa

Articles on Special Economic Zones, Including: Special Economic Zone, Free Trade Zone, Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Pudong, Xiangshan County, Guangdo

2.毕业设计需要英文参考文献

设计标题： 企业人力资源管理系统 备 注： 源码+执行程序+论文 论文简介 AbstractAlong with the global information development, the enterprise information construction also catches up with the time the step .The human resources management system management system essential target is supports the enterprise the personnel management and business processes services labor intensity, the auxiliary business management, assists the high-level leadership decision-making, enhances the enterprise the working efficiency, thus enables the enterprise to obtain the better social efficiency and the economic efficiency by the few investments, looks like the human affairs system, the checking attendance management system management system and so on belongs to the human resources management system management system category .It is the unit realizes the modernization foundation engineering, is enhances the unit the management level, the service operating efficiency and the grade of service essential method .How therefore many programmers all possibly do face develop a set of quite perfect human resources management system management system the question.Along with the computer technology rapid development, the computer in the business management the application popularization, uses the computer realization enterprise human affairs wages imperative the management .This system union company actual human affairs, the financial system, pass through the actual demand analysis, uses function formidable Visual Basic6.0 makes the human resources management system management system which develops for the development kit.The overall system from conforms to the operation easily, the contact surface friendly, nimble, practical, the safe request embarks, completes the human affairs, the human resources management entire process, joined including recently the staff when the dossier establishment, the staff exited, the position and so on the change cause staff personnel management work and so on information revision, staff information inquiry, statistics as well as recently staff human resources supervisory work and so on wages addition, information revision .After the actual use proof, the human affairs human resources management system management system which this article designs may satisfy the company human affairs, the human resources management aspect need.The paper mainly introduced this topic development background, must complete function and development process .Key explanation system design key point, design concept, difficult technology and solutionKey Words: DataBase , Visual Basic 6.0, HumanResource Management System目录摘要 2Abstract 3第一章 绪论 51.1 课题来源 51.2 开发工具的选择 6第二章 系统概述 102.1 编写目的 102.2 系统功能概述 112.3 Access 概述 12第三章 系统分析 133.1. 系统需求分析 133.1.1. 功能需求 133.1.2. 数据需求 143.1.3. 运行环境 143.2. 数据流程分析 153.2.1. 数据流程图 153.2.2. 数据E-R图 163.3. 系统功能模块分析 173.4. 用户需求分析 18第四章 系统设计 194.1. 软件模块结构设计 194.2. 数据库设计 21第五章 系统实现 255.1. 系统用户管理模块 255.2. 基础数据维护模块 285.3. 员工档案管理模块 295.4. 绩效考勤管理模块 335.5. 工资管理模块 375.6. 权限管理模块 425.7. 统计分析模块 485.8. 打印功能 49总结 51致 谢 52参考文献（仅供参考） 53访问网站 。

本科生毕业论文对外文文献(毕业论文中的外文参考文献什么什么意思?)

1.毕业论文中的外文参考文献什么什么意思?

意思是该参考文献来自国外。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。

按照字面的意思，参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而，按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义，文后参考文献是指：“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。

参考文献的正确运用对学术论文的整体质量而言是至关重要的，但是，参考文献引用不当的问题还是层出不穷，严重影响了论文本身的质量，降低了基于此的各类评价指标的客观性和可信度。

扩展资料

参考文献的功能

参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，对于其本身有着不可替代的作用，相关论述已非常充分，在此不一一赘述了，只重申一下重点。

与作者而言，参考文献是论文科学选题的前提，是论证观点的有力支撑，是继承和传播前人研究成果的有效方式，保护和评价他人的劳动成果。

与学术期刊而言，参考文献可为编者审稿选稿提供参考借鉴，为自身的影响力扩散打造有利条件，可完成不同期刊之间的学术成果传递，节约宝贵有限的版面。

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

参考资料来源：人民网-关于参考文献不当引用的表现及控制探析

2.求一篇本科论文外文文献,最好有中英对照,关于“我国对外投资区位

经济、社会高速发展的三十年来，我国的综合国力有了显著增强，人均GDP从1980年的272美元上升到2006年的2034美元；金融机构的存款余额增加到2006年的35万亿人民币，人均存款近3万元。

按照邓宁的发展水平理论，我国目前已处于经济发展的第三阶段①，即本国对外投资快速增加，并将最终超过引入外资额的阶段。这一点已经明显地在我国经济中表现出来。

从对外投资的情况看，在对外投资之初，我们本着“摸着石头过河”的思路，较重视单个投资项目的操作，而缺乏整体、宏观的策略。时至今日，具备相当实力后的我们，考虑对外贸易、投资区位选择战略时，应该从多重角度，通盘考虑。

理论界至今还未形成企业国际化区位选择的一般理论，但很多主流国际直接投资理论都包含了区位选择的思想，这些理论分析和实证研究，对对外直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment，以下简称FDI）区位选择理论有较为完整的阐述。随着发展中国家对外投资的发展，出现了很多专门研究发展中国家FDI的理论。

3.本科毕业外文翻译的外文文献在哪找呢

去你们学校网站上进入图书馆的主页，里面找到知网的入口，在里面搜索跟你做的毕业设计相关的关键词，搜索硕士博士论文，下载下来，硕士博士论文的参考文献里引用有外文文献题目（入果想要没被翻译过的，就看文献的发表日期，发表日期越新就越不容易被人翻译过），然后看看你们学校图书馆有没有购买SCI、EI等外文数据库，有的话直接将刚才的外文文献题目复制到外文数据库里，搜索就可以下载了，如果没有购买外文数据库的话，那就试试百度、谷歌等网站上能不能搜到这个题目，或者找外校的同学求助。

4.毕业论文外文资料

外文资料可以到外文数据库找，如：ELSEVIER数据库等

检索技巧：选择与检索主题密切相关的检索词；

包含常用词及专业词汇；如：kidney disease OR renal failure;

包括同义词和缩写形式；如：mri OR magnetic resonance imaging;

避免使用过于宽泛的词汇：如：influence;

使用单词的单数形式；

使用单数单词将可以检索到大多数单词单数、复数和所有格如：city---city,cities,city's,cities'

一般这一规则对不规则单词可能不适用；

优先顺序 OR AND AND NOT

例：genes OR chromosomes W/5 splicing OR cloning

(genes OR chromosomes W/5 splicing) OR cloning

运用临近符进行作者检索

例： raymond W/3 smith 可检索到Raymond Smith, Raymond J. Smith and

Raymond J.

毕业论文java英文文献及翻译(谁有关于java三大框架有关的近五年的外文文献,帮忙推荐几个,我)

1.谁有关于java三大框架有关的近五年的外文文献,帮忙推荐几个,我

童鞋你好！这个估计需要自己搜索了！网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：----------------------------------------------------------❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2❷Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)❸EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会❹ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会❺Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库❽国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库❾推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2-----------------------------------------------------------中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。

弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！所以，很容易过去的！祝你好运。

2.我做的毕业设计是跟JAVA相关的题目,现在在做外文文献翻译,求教

你可以按下面注册监听器（楼主是做事件处理吧）：1、会在网络内容（楼主使用的内容类）初始化、销毁时接到 ServletContextEvent 事件对象，即传入 ServletContextEvent 对象。

2、会在网络内容属性（楼主使用的内容类属性）添加、移除、替换时接到 事件对象，即传入 对象。楼主，这是非常基础的接口文档说明，不能不懂，还是把JAVA的基础结构，例如以上设计的事件处理机制好好熟悉，即使不懂以上内容，也可以类比图形事件处理。

3.J2EE参考文献,中英文对照,毕业论文用的

官全龙， 姚国祥. 基于Struts的应用架构的研究[J]. 计算机工程与设计， 2005, 26(12): 3225-3227.张桂元， 贾燕枫. Struts开发入门与项目实践[M]. 人民邮电出版社， 2005 (9)曾陈萍，李怀杰.“Analysis of Framework Based on J2EE of Realizing E - Commerce”〔J〕. 西昌学院学报（自然科学版）， no.3, pp 03-10, 2006孙卫琴. 精通Struts：基于MVC的Java Web设计与开发.北京：电子工业出版社，2004.08。

4.java的参考文献

[1].张桂珠 刘丽 陈爱国 Java面向对象程序设计（第2版）北京邮电大学出版社[2]毕广吉.Java程序设计实例教程[M]. 北京：冶金工业出版社，2007年[3].王保罗.Java面向对象程序设计[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社，2003年[4].高林，周海燕.Jsp网上书店系统与案例分析[M]. 北京：人民邮电出版社，2004年[5].刘腾红，孙细明.信息系统分析与设计[M]. 北京：科学出版社，2003年[6].林邦杰，彻底研究java.北京：电子工业出版社，2002年。

5.毕业论文外文文献翻译

去百度文库，查看完整内容> 内容来自用户：秦园园 毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班级：学号：姓名：学院：软件学院专业：指导教师：2014年6月英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisStruts——An Open-source MVC ImplementationThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have work。

6.求助毕业论文的外文翻译文献

去百度文库，查看完整内容>内容来自用户：秦园园毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班级：学号：姓名：学院：软件学院专业：指导教师：2014年6月英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisStruts——An Open-source MVC ImplementationThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have work。

7.英语专业毕业论文中 关于翻译著作的英文参考文献

没想到，还有人和我一样和找相关的参考文献：About Translation P. Newmark 《论翻译》A Practical Guide for Translators G. Samuelsson-Brown 《译者实用指南》Can Theory Help Translators? A Dialogue Between the Ivory Tower and the Wordface A. Chesterman & E. Wagner 《理论对译者有用吗？象牙塔与语言工作面之间的对话》Corpora in Translator Education F. Zanettin et al.《语料库与译者培养》Corpus-based Approaches to Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies S. Granger 《基于语料库的语言对比和翻译研究》Crosscultural Transgressions: Research Models in Translation studies Ⅱ， Historical and Ideological Issues T. Hermans 《跨文化侵越——翻译学研究模式（Ⅱ）：历史与意识形态问题》Electronic Tools for Translators F. Austermuhl 《译者的电子工具》Intercultural Fautlines: Research Models in Translation Studies Ⅰ， Textual and Cognitive Aspects M. Olohan 《超越文化断裂——翻译学研究模式（Ⅰ）：文本与认知的译学研究》Method in Translation History A.Pym 《翻译史研究方法》Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation- Orented Text Analysis(Second Edition) C. Nord 《翻译的文本分析模式：理论、方法及教学应用》（第二版） The Translator's Turn D. Robinson 《译者登场》Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies J.S. Holmes 《译稿杀青！文学翻译与翻译研究文集》Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context 《文学翻译：比较文学背景下的理论与实践》Translation and Empire : Postcolonial Theories Explained D. robinson 《翻译与帝国：后殖民理论解读》Translation and Language : Linguistic Theories Explained P.Fawcett 《翻译与语言：语言学理论解读》Translation and Literary Criticism: Translation as Analysis M.G. Rose 《翻译与文学批评：翻译作为分析手段》Translation and Nation : Towards a Cultural Politics of Englishness R. Ellis & L. Ley-Brown 《翻译与民族：英格兰的文化政治》Translation and Norms C. Schaffner 《翻译与规范》Translation and Norms C. Schaffner 《翻译，权力，颠覆》Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives G. Anderman & M.Rogers 《今日翻译：趋向与视角》Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in Translation Studies L. Bowker et al.《多元下的统一？当代翻译研究潮流》Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche D. Robinson 《西方翻译理论：从希罗多德到尼采》以上全是外研社的，建议你挑几个.千万别全写上，一定穿帮。

8.求一篇10000字符的关于java方面的英文文章,我们毕业论文要用

Applet举例。

源程序如下：import java.awt.Graphics； //声明applet使用了java.awt包中的Graphics类import java.applet.Applet； //声明applet使用了java.applet包中的Applet类public class.MyApplet extends Applet{ //声明一个名为MyApplet的公共类，它继承了Applet类public String s； //声明一个字符串public void init( ){ //Applet的初始化方法s = new String("Hello World ！")； //创建一个字符串}public void paint(Graphics g){g.drawString(s,60,40)；}}一、解释：1、Graphics类使得Applet可以绘制直线、矩形、椭圆形、字符串等。此程序中，绘制了“Hello World！”字符串2、方法init（ )实现了字符串的创建3、paint（ )中，g为Graphics类的对象。

它调用了Graphics的drawString方法绘制字符串。4、drawString方法中的第一个参数是要绘制的字符串s，后面两个参数（60,40）说明了字符串左下角所在的平面坐标，60为横坐标，40为纵坐标。

5、Java的坐标系原点在左上角，纵轴正方向指向下方。坐标单位是像素。

二、编译源程序为Class文件javac MyApplet.java三、Applet中没有main（ )方法作为Java解释器的入口，因此必须编写HTML文件，把Applet嵌入HTML文件中，然后用appletviewer来运行，或在支持Java的浏览器上运行HTML文件。HTML文件内容如下：<body>Java provides all he luxuries of object-oriented programming:classhierarchy,inheritance,encapsulation,and polymorphism--in a context that is truly useful andefficient.The main reason for developing object-oriented software,besides clarity and simplicity,isthe desperate hope that somehow the objects you develop will be reused.Java not onlyencourages software reused.Java not only encourages software reuse,it demands it.To writeany sort of Java program,no matter how simple,you must build on the classes and methods ofthe Java API.Once you have begun developing software in Java,you have two choices：● Build on the classes you have developed,thereby reusing them.● Rewrite your software from scratch,copying and tailoring useful parts of existingsoftware.With Java,the temptation to start from scratch is no longer appealing.Java's object-orientedstructure forces you to decelop more useful,more tailorable, and much simpler software thefirst time around.3.Java Is Safer and More ReliableJava is safer to use than C++ because it keeps you from doing the things that you dobadly,while making it easier to do the things that you do well.Java won't automatically convert data types.You have to explicitly convert from one classanother.C++,under the most undesirable conditions,will automatically convert one type toanother.It has all the flexibility of assembly code.Java doesn''t assume that you know whatyou are doing.It makes sure that you do.C++ pointers don'exist in Java.You can no longer access objects indirectly or by chance.Youdon't need to.You declare objects and reference those objects directly.Complex pointerarithmetic is avoided.If you need an indexed set of objects,you can use an array ofobjects.The concept of "the address of an object" is eliminated from the programming errorsthat go another assembly language dinosaur is laid to rest.As a result,it becomes mucheasier to do things correctly on Java.Java's reliability extends beyond the language level to the compiler and the runtimesystem.Compile-time checks identify many programming errors that go undetected in otherprogamming languages.These checks go beyond syntactic checking to ensure that statements aresemantically correct.Runtime checks are also more extendsive and effective.Remember your teacher or mom tellingyou to "Check your work twice to make sure it's right?"The Java linker understands classtypes and performs compiler-level type checking,adding redundancy to reliability.It alsoperforms bounds checking and eliminates indirect object access,even under error conditions.译文为：JAVA提供了面向对象编程最有价值的一切：类的分级结构、继承、封装 和多态（动态绑定）——在真正意义上既可用又高效的（一切）。

开发面向对象软件的主要原因，除简明性之外，是基于一种极端希望，那就是你开发出的对象将会被重用。JAVA不仅鼓励软件复用，更需要软件复用。

编写任何JAVA软件，无论多简单，必须基于JAVA API提供的类和方法。一旦你开始用JAVA开发程序，你有两个选择：● 基于你已开发的类，即复用它们。

● 基于对已有软件可用部分的挖补、复制、修改，重写你的软件。对于JAVA，从挖补开始已不再吸引人。

JAVA的面向对象结构使你不得不从一开始就开发更好用，更易于修改而且更简单的软件。3.JAVA更安全且更可靠JAVA比C++使用起来更安全，因为它使你远离那些你容。

毕业论文的两篇外文文献(毕业论文外文文献!!!!)

1.毕业论文外文文献!!!!

Articles on Tax Resistance, Including: Whiskey Rebellion, Free Trade Zone, Starve the Beast, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion, Institute for Fiscal Studi

Articles on International Business, Including: Free Trade, Bilderberg Group, Special Economic Zone, Multinational Corporation, Netherlands Institute

Free Trade Zone Factory Supervisors

Economy of Panama: Puebla-Panama Plan, International Rankings of Panama, Colon Free Trade Zone, Panamanian Balboa

Articles on Special Economic Zones, Including: Special Economic Zone, Free Trade Zone, Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Pudong, Xiangshan County, Guangdo

2.给提供两个个论文的英文参考文献

BEIJING -- For Jin Zhenghao, this November has been the most stressful month in his 25 years of life. A financial engineering major at Xiamen University in southeast China's Fujian Province, Jin is desperately trying to find a job before graduating in June 2009. November is when the school gave him time to market himself to potential employers. Jin has sent resumes to nearly 30 companies, resulting in five interviews. So far, he has received no job offers. Related readings: Employment heads towards 'grim situation' Job fairs opened for graduates amid financial crisis China opens nationwide job fairs for graduates Now, Jin is paying 2,000 yuan (US$293) a month to live in Shanghai, the country's financial hub, in hopes of securing more interviews. "Companies either have few job vacancies or simply don't want new people," Jin told Xinhua over the phone. Only a year ago, he added, graduates like him, would end up with job offers from several well-known international or domestic financial companies before graduation. "The situation is obviously very bad this year. The financial crisis is a major reason," said Jin. "I'm really worried." Many financial companies, particularly international big names, have cut employees this year due to overseas problems in stock markets. Jin is not the only one to feel the economic shockwave from the developed world. Thousands of factories which used to manufacture shoes, clothes or toys for export, have been closed or are struggling for survival as foreign orders declined. This not only means there are more unemployed people, but also fewer opportunities for first-time job seekers. Deputy Minister of Human Resources and Social Security Zhang Xiaojian said here on Thursday that 6.1 million college and university students will graduate in the first half of next year. An additional four million college students who graduated in previous years have not found jobs and will also be vying for limited opportunities. "If companies' demand for new employees drops significantly, finding a job will definitely become more difficult for college students," Zhang said. Professor Yue Changjun, an expert on education and economy at Peking University in Beijing, told China Youth Daily that 67,000 private Chinese companies closed in the first half of this year. According to Yue, this is a significant figure because private companies employed 34.2 percent of college graduates last year. "How come I can't find a job?" a Peking University student, anonymously named "Rebecca ycj", asked in a message posted on the university's online forum. The law student said she applied for jobs at several firms, state-owned enterprises, banks and even a news agency, but every time she was refused. Research from 51job.com, a popular job-seeking website in China, showed the financial service, real estate, foreign trade and manufacturing industries were the hardest hit sectors as a result of the economic slowdown. The number of job vacancies in financial services, for example, dropped by 12 percent in the July-November period, compared with the same period of last year. Zhang said the government, schools and students were moving quickly to try to address the difficulties. A total of 259 job fairs are currently underway throughout China. Nearly 30,000 enterprises, government organs and public institutions will offer more than 500,000 jobs at those fairs before November 30, said Zhang. "The major idea is to help college graduates obtain employment information, create more job opportunities and encourage students to work in less developed geographical areas where they are welcomed," he said. Prof. Li Daokui of Tsinghua University said because not all sectors are affected by the recession overseas, the prospect of employment isn't as dire as some people feel. The government announced a 4 trillion yuan stimulus package to boost the economy and domestic demand. "As long as China's economy maintains 9 percent growth, 10 million new jobs can be created every year," Li said. Meanwhile, students are encouraged to think more creatively when applying for jobs, for example, they need to lower their salary expectations or consider working in rural instead of urban areas. In a country with more than 1.3 billion people, college education used to be considered a guarantee for good income, a decent work place and a passport to big cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Things have changed now. Jin said financial risk management companies and consulting firms were his first choice for work because entry-level income can be at least 7,000 yuan a month。

3.【急求

Role of Enterprise Strategy Successful companies are those that focus their efforts strategically. Strategy should be a stretch exercise, not a fit exercise. To meet and exceed customer satisfaction, the business team needs to follow an overall organizational strategy. A successful strategy adds value for the targeted customers over the long run by consistently meeting their needs better than the competition does. Strategy is the way in which a company orients itself towards the market in which it operates and towards the other companies in the marketplace against which it competes. It is a plan an organization formulates to gain a sustainable advantage over the competition. The central strategic issue: why different companies, facing the same environment, perform differently. Strategy answers the following questions: what are the sources of the company's sustainable competitive advantage? how a company will position itself against competition in the market over the long run to secure a sustainable competitive advantage? what are the key strategic priorities? Strategy is an agreed-on guide to action that should lead business to success in the marketplace by satisfying customer needs better than the competition does. Strategy formulation is the major task for the company entrepreneur and CEO, but it is the task of middle managers and project managers to carry this strategy out and turn it into results. Strategic Leadership As a strategic leader your prime responsibility is to ensure that your organization is going in the right direction. To be able to identify the right strategy and pursue it to the desired result, you need to master two important functions: strategic thinking and strategic planning. Ten Major Schools of Strategic Management Ten deeply embedded, though quite narrow, concepts typically dominate current thinking on strategy. These range from the early Design and Planning schools to the more recent Learning, Cultural and Environmental Schools8 New Approaches to Strategy Formulation The currently dominant view of strategy is the resource-based theory. Traditional strategy models, such as Michael Porter's five forces model, focus on the company's external competitive environment. Most of them do not attempt to look inside the company. In contrast, the resource-based perspective highlights the need for a fit between the external market context in which a company operates and its internal capabilities. According to this view, a company's competitive advantage derives from its ability to assemble and exploit an appropriate combination of resources. Sustainable competitive advantage is achieved by continuously developing existing and creating new resources and capabilities in response to rapidly changing market conditions. In relation to the 10 traditional approaches, today, strategy formulation should also be a combination of them - judgmental designing, intuitive visioning, and emergent learning; it should be about transformation as well as perpetuation; it has to involve individual cognition and social interaction, co-operative as well as conflictive; it must include analyzing before and programming after as well as negotiating during; and all of this must be in response to what can be a demanding environment.8 Blue Ocean Strategy: 6 Principles Blue ocean strategy is about revolutionary value innovation. The six principles drive the successful formulation and execution of Blue Ocean Strategy. These principles attenuate the six risks。

More Balanced Organization: 5 Basic Elements Empowered Employees (Metal): Building Your Sustainable Competitive Advantage Sustainable competitive advantage is the prolonged benefit of implementing some unique value-creating strategy based on unique combination of internal organizational resources and capabilities that cannot be replicated by competitors。 More SWOT Analysis: Questions To Answer What is your strongest business asset? What unique resources do you have? What do you offer that makes you stand out from the rest?。

More Your Strategic Intent Strategic intent is a high-level statement of the means by which your organization will achieve its vision. It is a core component of your dynamic strategy. Strategic intent cannot be planned all in advance. It must evolve on the basis of experience during its implementation。 More Market Leadership Strategies The market leader is dominant in its industry and has substantial market share. If you want to lead the market, you must be the industry leader in developing new business models and new products or services. You must be on the 。

4.【急求

Role of Enterprise Strategy Successful companies are those that focus their efforts strategically. Strategy should be a stretch exercise, not a fit exercise. To meet and exceed customer satisfaction, the business team needs to follow an overall organizational strategy. A successful strategy adds value for the targeted customers over the long run by consistently meeting their needs better than the competition does. Strategy is the way in which a company orients itself towards the market in which it operates and towards the other companies in the marketplace against which it competes. It is a plan an organization formulates to gain a sustainable advantage over the competition. The central strategic issue: why different companies, facing the same environment, perform differently. Strategy answers the following questions: what are the sources of the company's sustainable competitive advantage? how a company will position itself against competition in the market over the long run to secure a sustainable competitive advantage? what are the key strategic priorities? Strategy is an agreed-on guide to action that should lead business to success in the marketplace by satisfying customer needs better than the competition does. Strategy formulation is the major task for the company entrepreneur and CEO, but it is the task of middle managers and project managers to carry this strategy out and turn it into results. Strategic Leadership As a strategic leader your prime responsibility is to ensure that your organization is going in the right direction. To be able to identify the right strategy and pursue it to the desired result, you need to master two important functions: strategic thinking and strategic planning. Ten Major Schools of Strategic Management Ten deeply embedded, though quite narrow, concepts typically dominate current thinking on strategy. These range from the early Design and Planning schools to the more recent Learning, Cultural and Environmental Schools8 New Approaches to Strategy Formulation The currently dominant view of strategy is the resource-based theory. Traditional strategy models, such as Michael Porter's five forces model, focus on the company's external competitive environment. Most of them do not attempt to look inside the company. In contrast, the resource-based perspective highlights the need for a fit between the external market context in which a company operates and its internal capabilities. According to this view, a company's competitive advantage derives from its ability to assemble and exploit an appropriate combination of resources. Sustainable competitive advantage is achieved by continuously developing existing and creating new resources and capabilities in response to rapidly changing market conditions. In relation to the 10 traditional approaches, today, strategy formulation should also be a combination of them - judgmental designing, intuitive visioning, and emergent learning; it should be about transformation as well as perpetuation; it has to involve individual cognition and social interaction, co-operative as well as conflictive; it must include analyzing before and programming after as well as negotiating during; and all of this must be in response to what can be a demanding environment.8 Blue Ocean Strategy: 6 Principles Blue ocean strategy is about revolutionary value innovation. The six principles drive the successful formulation and execution of Blue Ocean Strategy. These principles attenuate the six risks。

More Balanced Organization: 5 Basic Elements Empowered Employees (Metal): Building Your Sustainable Competitive Advantage Sustainable competitive advantage is the prolonged benefit of implementing some unique value-creating strategy based on unique combination of internal organizational resources and capabilities that cannot be replicated by competitors。 More SWOT Analysis: Questions To Answer What is your strongest business asset? What unique resources do you have? What do you offer that makes you stand out from the rest?。

More Your Strategic Intent Strategic intent is a high-level statement of the means by which your organization will achieve its vision. It is a core component of your dynamic strategy. Strategic intent cannot be planned all in advance. It must evolve on the basis of experience during its implementation。 More Market Leadership Strategies The market leader is dominant in its industry and has substantial market share. If you want to lead the market, you must be the industry leader in developing new business models and new products or services. You must be on the cutting edge of new t。

5.求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分

Improve the urban medical service system of China's Countermeasures Community health service is to urbanization with Chinese characteristics with the health care system an important component of the. Community health services in community work as an important component of the various parts are actively promoting this work, and some have achieved good results. However, the construction of the current community health service there are still major problems to the following: First, the development of community awareness of the importance of health services is not in place. Community health services should be the basic medical insurance is a major commitment, and it can be a timely, convenient and economical way to provide insurance services, rational and effective use of medical insurance fund. Only do a good job of community building can be the most direct and convenient for the general population, a good, efficient service. However, some of the staff of local health services to develop community awareness of the importance of also not enough. Some think that hospitals, health centers, abundant resources, has been able to meet the need, and there is no need for further development of community health service organizations; Some think we should go with the flow development, it is not necessary to vigorously promote the development of awareness of less than urgency. In recognition of the bias, a number of local community health service lags behind the building of socio-economic development lags behind medical insurance and health, medicine circulation system reform, health services lags behind the demand for urban development. Secondly, the expansion of community health service functions are not in place. Community health service as a product of urbanization, the demand for its functions as the guide is based on the residents, for residents to provide preventive, medical, health, rehabilitation, health education, family planning, "Six in One" integrated health services. However, in actual operation, there is understanding in some areas of misunderstanding. Some believe that the community health services similar to the grass-roots hospitals, but is set by the district offices, for more than a brand; some believe that the community health services is only secondary and tertiary hospitals to district offices sent a number of branches. In the provision of services, and some believe that the main headache for the treatment of patients with influenza, vaccination for children, such as disease prevention. This function of community health services, one-sided understanding of the impact of a community health service institutions and functions of standardized construction brought into full play. Third, the community health care measures are not in place. The development of community health services, not only to keep up with the hardware construction, and the need for sound policies and measures. At present, the absence of a unified planning or planning is not scientific, in some areas of community health service agencies, hospitals or the streets from the hospital transfer form to send agencies, personnel, shortage of funds, facilities, backward, obsolete equipment; affected the normal work process. Not even a lot of community health services, development is very uneven. In terms of software development, taxation, prices and other preferential policies in place, two-way referral system is established, not covered by medical insurance institutions, the limited community health services, economic difficulties, the slow development. Fourth, inadequate personnel training mechanism. Community health service need is general practitioners, and the establishment of China's medical education system in general. At present, engaged in community health services, health care workers, mainly low-level specialist qualifications or other industries to switch from non-school medical staff, some staff had only received a small number of special education. Whether it is health care personnel or nursing staff, in terms of quantity and quality are far failed to meet the development needs of community health services. Strategies to address these problems: First, the practical importance of community health services building. The development of community health services, not only can effectively satisfy the growing urban demand for health services, but also conducive to urban health service system to adjust the structure, function and layout, to improve efficiency, reduce costs and at the same time, the stability of the urban basic medical insurance system operation, but also plays an importa。

6.求毕业论文的英文文献

如需全文，请发邮箱过来Electronic trading platforms and the cost-effective distribution of open market option (OMO) pension annuities AbstractOver the next years, the ageing profile of the UK population will lead to a sharp increase in the volumes of pension annuity sales. Every individual that participates in a defined contribution occupational or a personal pension scheme is obliged to convert the capital accumulated into a regular post-retirement income by purchasing an annuity before the age of 75. To ensure a more competitive market the UK Financial Services Authority has ruled that from 1 September 2002 pensioners must be informed that they have the right to purchase their annuities from suppliers other than their current pension provider—this is termed exercising an open market option (OMO).However, the complicated nature of pensions and annuities means the purchase of an annuity is highly dependent upon the information provided by the sellers of these products and the advice received. Given that OMO's are supposed to encourage purchasers to be able to access information on a whole range of annuities from the various suppliers in the market, a single web-based hub that linked manufacturers, distributors and existing industry portals seemed the obvious solution to the challenges facing the industry following the government legislation. However, while the industry recognised that a single product purchasing and servicing system would meet the data management needs of all its stakeholders and carry enormous potential to realise cost and business process efficiencies, the competitive nature of the industry and the slow decision making processes within the individual companies has meant that the project to build 'The Annuity Exchange' has suffered a number of setbacks and delays.This article describes the business case for 'The Annuity Exchange', its objectives and design, and the technical/industry engagement issues it has faced.Keywords: E-commerce; Financial services; Pension annuitiesArticle Outline1. Introduction2. Background: the UK pensions system and the regulatory structure of advice2.1. Recent trends in the UK pensions system2.2. The changing structure of advice3. Previous information management strategies and their shortcomings4. An industry-wide dynamic quotations model4.1. Access to the intermediary portal4.2. Costs and benefits of The Annuity Exchange4.3. Issues with The Annuity Exchange project5. 。

js毕业论文外文文献(求一篇外文文献)

1.求一篇外文文献

Plasma assisted thermal bonding for PMMA microfluidic chips with integrated metal microelectrodes

Liu, JS; Qiao, HC; Liu, C; Xu, Z; Li, YQ; Wang, LD

Liu, JS, Dalian Univ Technol, Key Lab Micro Nano Technol & Syst Liaoning Prov, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, Peoples R China

分享到：0

Abstract

Fracture of integrated metal microelectrodes likely happens during the thermal bonding process of PMMA [poly (methylmethacrylate)] microfluidic chips. In this paper, the fracture behaviors are studied. The fracture is mainly caused by the plastic deformation of the electrode plate (the PMMA plate with microelectrodes) and the thermal stress of microelectrodes, which is due to the high bonding temperature. To decrease the bonding temperature, a plasma assisted thermal bonding method is evaluated and first used to eliminate the fracture of microelectrodes. in this process. the surface of the cover plate (the PMMA plate with microchannels) is modified using oxygen plasma before the electrode plate is thermally bonded to the cover plate. The parameters of the oxygen plasma treatment are optimized, and the contact angle is decreased from 71.7 degrees to 43.6 degrees. The thermal bonding temperature is optimized, which decreases the temperature from 100 degrees C to 85 degrees C. Testing of bonding strength shows an average failure pressure of 1.75 MPa, which is comparable to the bonding strength of 1.46 MPa for chips bonded at 100 degrees C without plasma modification. In order to demonstrate this bonding method, a PMMA microfluidic chip with integrated copper interdigitated microelectrode arrays for AC electroosmotic pump is fabricated. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microfluidic Microelectrocle Thermal bonding Plasma PMMA

2.毕业论文外文文献!!!!

Articles on Tax Resistance, Including: Whiskey Rebellion, Free Trade Zone, Starve the Beast, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion, Institute for Fiscal Studi

Articles on International Business, Including: Free Trade, Bilderberg Group, Special Economic Zone, Multinational Corporation, Netherlands Institute

Free Trade Zone Factory Supervisors

Economy of Panama: Puebla-Panama Plan, International Rankings of Panama, Colon Free Trade Zone, Panamanian Balboa

Articles on Special Economic Zones, Including: Special Economic Zone, Free Trade Zone, Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Pudong, Xiangshan County, Guangdo

3.毕业论文的外文文献及翻译怎么弄

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品，原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。

如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。

这个中文版本就称为译文 回答者： xffjy - 见习魔法师 三级 10-22 11:52。

4.谁能帮我查找一些高吸油性树脂的外文文献

1、Synthesis and characterization of a novel high-oil-absorbing resin 作者：Xiao-Ming Zhou;Cheng-Zhi Chuai 刊名：Journal of Applied Polymer Science 出版日期：2010 期号：No.6 卷号：Vol.115 摘要：A high-oil-absorbing resin, which was a low crosslinking resin, was synthesized by conventional suspension copolymerization in this study. The effects of the monomer ratio, crosslinker, initiator, ratio of water to oil, and defined optimum reaction conditions were studied. The highest oil absorptivity of the resin was about 11.5 g/g in diesel and the oil-absorption saturation time was 3 days when。

【数据库商】 Wiley InterScience 【关键词】resins;rubber 2Synthesis and properties of oil absorption resins filled with polybutadiene 作者：Shan GR.;Xu PY.;Weng ZX.;Huang ZM. 刊名：Journal of Applied Polymer Science 出版日期：2003 期号：NO.12 卷号：Vol.89 摘要：Polybutadiene (PB) is used to fill an oil absorption resin as a physical crosslinker to construct a kind of 3-dimensional network with a high degree crosslinking and low crosslink density. A series of acrylic resin particles with various compositions%are prepared by suspension polymerization, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a chemical【数据库商】 Wiley InterScience 【关键词】Resins;Crosslinking;Alkyl acrylate copolymers;Swelling behavior;Gel particles;Absorbency 3Structured polyurethanes for oil uptake 作者：Yang, JS;Cho, SM;Kim, BK;Narkis, M 刊名：Journal of Applied Polymer Science 出版日期：2005 期号：NO.5 卷号：Vol.98 摘要：In an attempt to develop a desirable resin formulation for spilled oil absorption, segmented polyurethanes of various types and lengths of hard and soft segments have been synthesized and tested for X-ray diffraction, thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties in addition to oil and water absorptions. Significant oil absorption was obtained with ether type polyol of high molecular【数据库商】 Wiley InterScience 【关键词】polyurethanes;oil absorption;structure-property;relations;XPS 4Oil-absorption function of physical crosslinking in the high-oil-absorption resins 作者：Shan GR.;Xu PY.;Weng ZX.;Huang ZM. 刊名：Journal of Applied Polymer Science 出版日期：2003 期号：NO.14 卷号：Vol.90 【数据库商】 Wiley InterScience 【关键词】Resins;Crosslinking;Alkyl acrylate copolymers;Swelling behavior;Gel particles;Absorbency 很多的，你自己在找找。我们数据库现在比较忙，所以下载不了。

5.论文中的外国文献

提供几篇有关于上市公司收益质量分析的论文的外文文献，供写作参考。

[1] Benaritzi, Shlomo, Roni Michaely, and Richard Thaler. Do changes in Dividends Signal the Future or the Past? .The Journal of Finance, 1997, (7) .

[2] DcAngelo. L. Accounting numbers as market valuation substitutes: A study of management buyouts of public stockholders .The Accounting Review, 1986,61, (61) :400-420 .

[3] Jones J. Eamings management during import relief investigations .Journal of Accounting Research, 1991,29, (29) :193-228 .

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