众文网1.求商务英语论文（英文论文）一篇
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives' trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives' value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives' trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option's holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as 。
2.我需要一篇关于进出口贸易的英语论文,各位英文高手帮帮忙
Cash On Delivery, the cost of an item will be paid when the item is delivered. In stock Goods and materials that a company has available for immediate sale and delivery. Inventory The quantity of goods and materials on hand (in stock). Also, a detailed, itemized list, report, or record of products in a company's possession, produced from a survey of all goods and materials in stock. Backlog A reserve supply or an accumulation of unfilled orders. Waybill A document giving details and instructions relating to a shipment of goods. Shipping date The date that an order actually starts moving toward a destination. Price quote An officially stated price for goods. List price A basic published or advertised price. Discount A reduction from the full or standard amount of a list price. Shipment Act or instance of shipping goods, or a quantity of goods that are shipped together. Bill of lading A document issued by a carrier to a shipper, listing and acknowledging receipt of goods for transport and specifying terms of delivery. Invoice A detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs; an itemized bill. Receipt A written acknowledgment that a specified article, sum of money, or shipment of merchandise has been received. Irrevocable Letter of Credit Method of payment most commonly used for imports. The exporter is assured payment when they ship the goods, and the importer is assured that the goods have been dispatched according to their instructions. Shipping documents Documents that an exporter receives from the shipping company.The following terms are often used for price quotes in foreign trade: FOB Free On Board - price includes all costs of goods on a ship or aircraft whose destination is stated in the contract. CIF Price includes Cost, Insurance, Freight to a named port of destination in the buyer's country. CIP Price includes cost of goods, Carriage (freight), and Insurance Paid by container to a named destination in the buyer's country.。
3.全英文的商务英语论文
1 from business English language characteristics of business English translation2 in cross-cultural communication interpretation3 business English translation errors analysed4 discuss trademark translation5 the shallow brand name6 and the stylistic features of English letters and translation7 business contract English language characteristics and translation8 in business negotiations pragmatic analysis of fuzzy language9 trademark of the principles and methods of translation named10 2000c business translation methods11 the language of international business negotiation conflict12 international business negotiations of the cultural adaptation strategy13 secretarial English of pragmatic failures14 of business English words and common vocabulary comparison and analysisThe commercial English translation theory and translation skills16 the differences between Chinese and western culture and business reception17 and cultural differences of sino-american business negotiations。
4.求一篇有关国际贸易的英文版论文
Investment liberalization and international trade Abstract This paper estimates the cross-price elasticity of exports with respect to investment costs for bilateral relations between 36 countries. We show that the effect of reducing foreign direct investment costs on exports depends on country characteristics and trade costs as predicted by the [Markusen, 1997 and Markusen, 2002] model. When countries differ in relative factor endowments and trade costs are low, investment liberalization stimulates exports, whereas when countries are similar in terms of relative factor endowments and size, and trade costs are moderate to high, investment liberalization reduces exports. Author Keywords: Exports; Foreign direct investment; International trade; Investment costs; Investment liberalization ----------- 是一个PDF，你看看摘要，觉得可以我传你.还有很多，反正就是关于international trade。
..。
5.求一篇有关国际贸易的英文版论文
Investment liberalization and international trade
Abstract
This paper estimates the cross-price elasticity of exports with respect to investment costs for bilateral relations between 36 countries. We show that the effect of reducing foreign direct investment costs on exports depends on country characteristics and trade costs as predicted by the [Markusen, 1997 and Markusen, 2002] model. When countries differ in relative factor endowments and trade costs are low, investment liberalization stimulates exports, whereas when countries are similar in terms of relative factor endowments and size, and trade costs are moderate to high, investment liberalization reduces exports.
Author Keywords: Exports; Foreign direct investment; International trade; Investment costs; Investment liberalization
-----------
是一个PDF，你看看摘要，觉得可以我传你.
还有很多，反正就是关于international trade..
6.求商务英语论文（英文论文）一篇
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives' trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives' value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives' trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option's holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlyin。
7.1500字英语论文范文
How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third Edition To be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard either. Before you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right track. After mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc。
. and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc。
. It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school. *************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. ******************* Speaking: In China, you won't have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and grammar. Listening: Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words accumulations. Writing: It is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (e.g. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences). Reading: It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even better. Putting four elements together: I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and speaking. The enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad): In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak English. On Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you significantly. You can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities: I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc。
. Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring. 文章由 /yylw/ 提供。
8.商务英语论文
Advertising is the name given to the process of commercial promotion of goods and services in order to increase its sales. Advertising can be done by means of a number of mediums like television, newspapers, wall paintings, billboards, magazines, Internet, by the word-of-mouth and in many other ways. Advertising informs the buyers about the availability of a certain product or service in the market and encourages them to buy it.The main objectives of advertising are:* Increasing the usage of a certain product and hence acquiring more orders. * Creating new customers and increasing brand recognition.* To obtain feedback from customers regarding a certain product. * To indicate introduction of new products or replacement of old ones. Advertising has a number of uses. Apart from promoting commercial goods, advertising can also be used to educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues such as AIDS, deforestation, family planning, etc. It is a powerful media which is capable of reaching to the far out masses. Now a days we find many ads on the internet also. These ads in most cases, have been successfully in connecting the user with the information he requires. To prevent complete commercialization of electronic media, some countries have made it mandatory for broadcasters to air some advertisements related to consumer interest. These public advertisements educate people of that country on a number of social and moral issues. However, some people are very keen on exposing the negative side of advertising. The impact that advertisements cause depends on the state of mind of an individual and his past experiences. For instances, young kids will be easily attracted by the false claims made in advertisements. People are also arguing about the increase in consumption of substances like alcohol and cigarettes after viewing the ads. Excessive advertising has become a nuisance in most cities of the world. Manufacturers easily make false claims about any product and influence the minds of the people. To confront this problem, companies are being asked to withdraw any false and negative claims made in their ads and also being made to pay a fine for these false claims.。
9.商务英语毕业论文范文
英语饮料广告中的语用预设研究 字数：4962.页数：17 论文编号：YY217 Abstract Advertising language has received a thorough study from different aspects. With the development of linguistics, the studies on advertising language are inclined to the relationship between language and context. In this case, pragmatic presupposition appears to be the very tool for its sensitive nature to context. In addition, common ground and appropriateness of pragmatic presupposition also make great contribution to the concise and economical advertisement. However, other properties like one-sidedness, subjectivity and latency are equally noticed. Proper exploitation of these features may develop useful market strategies. Therefore, it is of great significance to study advertising language from pragmatic presupposition perspective. The thesis focuses on the phenomenon of pragmatic presupposition in English advertisement for beverage. Based on the foundational theory, the classifications and functions of pragmatic presupposition are exposed by qualitative study method. Meanwhile, a case study is conducted to tentatively explore the distribution and frequency of each type by quantitative analysis. Research findings show that pragmatic presupposition occurs in 94% of the collected 100 drinks advertisements; the state presupposition accounts for the largest percentage (40%) among all five classifications , followed by belief presupposition, behavior presupposition, existential presupposition and fact presupposition, for 22%, 14%, 13%, 5% respectively. Key Words: advertising language pragmatic presupposition function classifications description 摘要 广告语言的研究一直以来都备受各个领域学者们的青睐。
在语言学领域，语言学的发展使得广告语言的研究逐渐趋向于语言与语境的关系的研究。于是，对语境敏感的语用预设便成为了分析广告语言的理想工具。
语用预设的共知性和合适性简化了广告的语言，节省了广告的费用。另外，语用预设本身还具有单向性、主观性和隐蔽性。
巧妙运用这些特征可以衍生出有效的广告撰写策略。因此，从语用预设的视角研究广告语言是很有意义的。
本文主要致力于研究英文饮料广告语言的语用预设现象。作者以语用预设作为研究基本理论，结合定性研究和定量研究方法，通过分析语用预设在饮料广告中的类型和功能，同时对各预设类型在英文广告中的分布和出现频率也进行调查研究，力图探讨语用预设在英文饮料广告中运用的深度和广度。
调查结果发现：语用预设在英文饮料广告中的运用程度极高，在收集的100条广告语中呈现出94%的高频率。与此同时，状态预设在五种语用预设类型中出现的频率最高，达到40%。
其余的信仰预设、行为预设、存在预设和事实预设分别占22%、14%、13%和5%。 关键词：广告语 语用预设 功能 分类描写 目录 Abstract 。
..1 摘要。
.2 Chapter 1 Introduction。
3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 。
.4 2.1 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition abroad 。
4 2.2 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition at home。
.. 5 Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations。
..6 3.1 The definitions of pragmatic presupposition 。
..6 3.2 The characteristics of pragmatic presupposition。
. 7 3.2.2 Subjectivity。
..7 3.2.3 Latency 。
7 3.3 The classifications of pragmatic presupposition in print advertisement language 8 3.3.1 Existential presupposition 。
8 3.3.2 Fact presupposition。
. 8 3.3.3 State presupposition。
.9 3.3.4 Belief alue presupposition。
9 3.3.5 Behavior presupposition。
10 3.4 Functions of pragmatic presupposition in drink advertisement language。
10 3.4.1 Concise function。
.10 3.4.2 Euphemism function 。
.11 3.4.3 Persuasive function 。
11 Chapter 4 Case Study。
11 4.1 Research aims 。
..11 4.2 Data collection。
.12 4.3 Data analysis 。
..12 4.3.1 Statistic numbers 。
..12 4.3.2 Analysis findings。
14 Chapter 5 Conclusion 。
..15 5.1 General summary 。
15 5.2 Limitations of present study 。
..。
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