众文网毕业论文开题报告红与黑
1.毕业论文开题报告怎么写
毕业论文开题报告 论文题目： 学生姓名： 学 号： 专 业： 指导教师： 年 月 日 开题报告填写要求 1。
开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见审查后生效。
2。开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写，按成教处统一设计的电子文档标准格式打印，禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见。
3。学生查阅资料的参考文献应在3篇及以上（不包括辞典，手册），开题报告的字数要在1000字以上。
4。有关年月日等日期的填写，应当按照国标GB/T 7408—94《数据元和交换格式，信息交换，日期和时间表示法》规定的要求，一律用阿拉伯数字书写。
主要有： 本课题的研究意义 本课题的重点和难点 论文提纲 您可以上 中国高教论文网参考 别人写好的开题 网址： 。
2.开题报告怎么写
论文开题报告需要有一个明确的毕业论文题目，一般要简洁，不宜太长；需要讲明课题的研究目的、意义，以及论文所需要引用的文献；需说明研究课题的可行性与创新性以及介绍本人所研究课题的初步方案。
论文开题报告是一份摘要，详细说明了您的工作大纲。它确定了您正在研究的问题，明确说明将要研究的所有问题，并描述您需要的资源和材料。需要有一个明确的毕业论文题目，一般要简洁，不宜太长；需要讲明课题的研究目的、意义，以及论文所需要引用的文献；需说明研究课题的可行性与创新性以及介绍本人所研究课题的初步方案。
开题报告的内容一般包括：题目、立论依据（毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状）、研究方案（研究目标、研究内容、研究方法、研究过程、拟解决的关键问题及创新点）、条件分析（仪器设备、协作单位及分工、人员配置）等。
论文开题报告建议
1、题目不宜太长，最好保证在20字以内，以最少的工程术语表达论文的核心工作。
2、尽量用一句话说完，不要变成两句话。政府的工作报告中经常出来这样的句式，但不宜出现在论文标题中，举个例子，十七大报告的题目是《高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗》。
3、避免使用动宾结构。动宾结构的语气比较强烈，像第2点中的政府工作报告中是这么写的，但是论文不需要，论文需要的是简单朴素地描述事实。
4、必须与你的关键词有极大的联系，通过论文标题必须能够一眼看出你要做的工作内容，关键词也是研究工作的简短概括，因此论文标题必须和你的关键词有极大的联系。
3.本科生毕业论文的开题报告中的选题依据及意义指的是什么奉上所有的
开题报告——毕业设计立论依据 开题报告中要考虑： ① 毕业论文的选题目的与意义，即回答为什么要研究，交代研究的价值及需要背景。
一般先谈现实需要——由存在的问题导出研究的实际意义，然后再谈理论及学术价值，要求具体、客观，且具有针对性，注重资料分析基础，注重时代、地区或单位发展的需要，切忌空洞无物的口号。 ② 国内外研究现状，即文献综述，要以查阅文献为前提，所查阅的文献应与研究问题相关，但又不能过于局限。
与问题无关则流散无穷；过于局限又违背了学科交叉、渗透原则，使视野狭隘，思维窒息。所谓综述的“综”即综合，综合某一学科领域在一定时期内的研究概况；“述”更多的并不是叙述，而是评述与述评，即要有作者自己的独特见解。
要注重分析研究，善于发现问题，突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点；要摒弃偏见，不引用与导师及本人观点相悖的观点是一个明显的错误。综述的对象，除观点外，还可以是材料与方法等。
此外，文献综述所引用的主要参考文献应予著录，一方面可以反映作者立论的真实依据，另一方面也是对原著者创造性劳动的尊重。 。
4.范文
毕业论文的开题报告范文 随着现代信息技术的迅猛发展，网络技术在教育中的应用日益广泛和深入，特别是Internet与校园网的接轨，为中小学教育提供了丰富的资源，使网络教学真正成为现实，同时也为中小学教育开辟了广阔的前景。
陈至立部长在全国中小学信息技术教育工作会议上指出：“全国实施中小学'校校通'工程，努力实现基础教育的跨越式发展。”“‘校校通’工程的目标是用5年到10年时间，加强信息基础设施和信息资源建设，使全国90%左右独立建制的中小学校能够上网，使中小学师生都能共享网上资源，提高中小学的教育教学质量。
”“校校通”工程的启动和发展，给中小学教学带来革新的机会，为学科教学信息化奠定了物质基础。如何有效地利用网上的资源，建构基于网络的现代教学模式是一个迫切研究的问题，而开展网络教学模式研究的重要理论基础之一就是网络教学的设计与评价。
因此，开展网络教学的设计与评价的探索与实践研究有着十分重要的意义。 一、课题研究背景 （一）国内外的研究现状 1、网络教学的设计理论与方法的研究缺乏系统性 通过对国内外有关的学术刊物（如《电化教育研究》、《中国电化教育》、《Educational Technology》等）、教育网站和国际国内有关学术会议（GCCCE、ICCE、CBE等）的论文集进行分析，网络教学的设计研究主要是关于建构主义学习环境的设计和协作学习的设计等方面，缺乏系统的研究。
可以说，网络教学的设计理论的研究还处于初级阶段，还有很多问题需要去研究和探索。例如，在网络环境下如何利用网络资源进行主动学习、利用虚拟情境进行探究学习、利用通讯工具进行协商学习、利用工具进行创造学习的设计以及教师指导性活动的设计等方面，都值得我们去研究。
2、网络教学的评价研究才刚刚起步 随着Internet应用的普及，网络教学已成为一种重要的教学手段和教学场所。然而，与传统教学相比，网络教学的质量保证体系却显得不够完善、健全。
如何保证网络教学的质量，建立一个行之有效的网络教学评价模型，已成为网络教学研究的一个重要课题。 时至2000年，教育部批准全国31所高校建立网络教育学院，但却没有制定出如何保证网络教育质量的相关政策。
美国国家教育政策研究所（The Institute For Higher Education Policy）于2000年4月也发表了一份名为"在线教育质量：远程互联网教育成功应用的标准"的报告，然而，这些文章（报告）也仅仅是描述性的定义网络教学的评价指标，而对如何组织评价、如何获取定量数据、评价数据如何促进教学等方面则很少涉及。 目前，网络教学的支撑平台中的学习评价模块往往只含有测试部分，而缺乏相应的分析与反馈。
（二）课题研究的意义 1、促进网络教学的发展，提高网络教学的质量 由于网络教学可以实现信息资源共享，在网上组织最优秀的教材和教法，使学习者在网上可以学到最新的知识，因此是教学改革发展的方向。 通过本项目的研究与实践，使网络教学更能为学习者提供一个建构主义的学习环境，充分体现学生的首创精神，学生有更多的机会在不同情境下去运用他们所学的知识，而且学生可以根据自身的行动的反馈来形成对客观事物的认识和解决实际问题的方案，从而提供网络教学的质量。
2、寻找利用计算机技术和网络技术实现学生远程交互自主学习的教学设计的技术解决方案 3、完善和发展教学设计理论 网络环境下的教学与传统教学，不仅是教学环境的不同，在教学内容、教学手段、教学传播形式上都有本质的区别。 通过本项目的研究，能够解决网络环境下，教学如何进行教学设计，如何调控教学过程，如何有效实施教学活动以达成教学目标，是对教学设计理论的完善和发展。
二、课题研究内容 （一）研究的主要内容 1、网络教学设计理论体系的研究 包括教学目标的设计、建构性学习环境的设计、学习情境的设计、学习资源的设计、学生自主学习活动的设计、学生协作学习活动的设计、教师指导性活动的设计、学习评价工具的设计等。 2、基于网络环境下的教学策略与教学模式的研究 （1）网络教学策略的研究，如网络环境下的教学内容组织策略、网络环境下的教学情景营造策略、网络环境下的教学对话组织策略、网络环境下的的课堂管理策略等 （2）网络教学模式的研究，如项目化学习模式、探索性学习模式、研究性学习模式等 3、网络教学评价的内容体系、方法、步骤与模型的研究 4、网络教学设计系统软件的开发与应用 5、网络教学评价系统软件的开发与应用 根据上述研究内容，总课题下设如下子课题： 1、网络教学设计与教学评价的理论研究（谢幼如、李克东） 2、网络教学资源的开发（邓文新） 3、网络教学设计与教学评价系统的开发（柯清超） 4、Web课程的教学过程设计及支持系统的研究（陈品德） 5、网络教学设计与教学评价理论的应用研究（余红） （二）课题的研究目标 本项目的研究目标是：运用现代教学理论与建构主义学习理论，通过教学改革与实验，探索网络教学的设计与评价的理论和方法，开发相配套的网络教学的设计和评价系统软件，探索普通中小学利用网络资源进行网络教学。
5.红与黑论文致谢
小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了，为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰？原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩，又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象，而且通过主人公的经历，展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷，触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅，但又自私、多疑。在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会，因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪：启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响，培养了他的反搞性格。他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋，飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期，拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。
就在这样的岩石底下，一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识，明知毫无价值，却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家，当起家庭教师来。在那段时期，他与德。瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系，大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。但是，纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂，助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。
于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后，亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕，于是他便耍起了两面派手法，这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的青睐和宠幸。神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格，强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识，但在受到侯爵重用，征服玛特尔小姐后，于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时，因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程，把自己送上了断头台。
作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，《红与黑》并没有从概念出发，将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反，作者却给予了他深切的同情，通过人对欲念的执着追求与追求不到的痛苦来批判那个时代特定的社会现实，这也是《红与黑》流传至今魅力长存的原因。
6.毕业论文的开题报告该怎么写
1、研究背景 （文献综述） 研究背景即提出问题，阐述研究该课题的原因。
研究背景包括理论背景和现实需要。还要综述国内外关于同类课题研究的现状：①人家在研究什么、研究到什么程度？②找出你想研究而别人还没有做的问题。
③他人已做过，你认为做得不够（或有缺陷），提出完善的想法或措施。④别人已做过，你重做实验来验证。
找几篇类似的论文摘抄一部分。 2、目的意义 目的意义是指通过该课题研究将解决什么问题（或得到什么结论），而这一问题的解决（或结论的得出）有什么意义。
有时将研究背景和目的意义合二为一。 3.实施计划 实施计划是课题方案的核心部分，它主要包括研究内容、研究方法和时间安排等。
研究内容是指可操作的东西，一般包括几个层次：⑴研究方向。⑵子课题（数目和标题）。
⑶与研究方案有关的内容，即要通过什么、达到什么等等。研究方法要写明是文献研究还是实验、调查研究？若是调查研究是普调还是抽查？如果是实验研究，要注明有无对照实验和重复实验。
实施计划要详细写出每个阶段的时间安排、地点、任务和目标、由谁负责。若外出调查，要列出调查者、调查对象、调查内容、交通工具、调查工具等。
如果是实验研究，要写出实验内容、实验地点、器材。实施计划越具体，则越容易操作。
4、可行性论证 可行性论证是指课题研究所需的条件，即研究所需的信息资料、实验器材、研究经费、学生的知识水平和技能及教师的指导能力。另外，还应提出该课题目前已做了哪些工作，还存在哪些困难和问题，在哪些方面需要得到学校和老师帮助等等。
5、预期成果及其表现形式 预期成果一般是论文或调查（实验）报告等形式。成果表达方式是通过文字、图片、实物和多媒体等形式来表现。
英语毕业论文红与黑(求英文论文)
1.求<<红与黑>>英文论文
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and Germany.Switzerland ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了，为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰？原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩，又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象，而且通过主人公的经历，展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷，触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。
小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅，但又自私、多疑。
在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会，因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪：启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响，培养了他的反搞性格。
他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋，飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期，拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。
就在这样的岩石底下，一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识，明知毫无价值，却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。
他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家，当起家庭教师来。在那段时期，他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系，大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。
但是，纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂，助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后，亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕，于是他便耍起了两面派手法，这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。
神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格，强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识，但在受到侯爵重用，征服玛特尔小姐后，于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。
他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时，因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程，把自己送上了断头台。
作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，《红与黑》并没有从概念出发，将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反，。
2.求<<红与黑>>英文论文
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and Germany. Switzerland ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了，为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰？原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩，又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象，而且通过主人公的经历，展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷，触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。
小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅，但又自私、多疑。
在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会，因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪：启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响，培养了他的反搞性格。
他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋，飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期，拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。
就在这样的岩石底下，一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识，明知毫无价值，却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。
他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家，当起家庭教师来。在那段时期，他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系，大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。
但是，纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂，助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后，亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕，于是他便耍起了两面派手法，这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。
神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格，强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识，但在受到侯爵重用，征服玛特尔小姐后，于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。
他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时，因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程，把自己送上了断头台。
作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，《红与黑》并没有从概念出发，将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反，。
3.求一篇英语读后感,（红与黑）的英语感悟
简.爱 oliver twist, one of the most famous works of charles dickens', is a novel reflecting the tragic fact of the life in britain in 18th century. the author who himself was born in a poor family wrote this novel in his twenties with a view to reveal the ugly masks of those cruel criminals and to expose the horror and violence hidden underneath the narrow and dirty streets in london. the hero of this novel was oliver twist, an orphan, who was thrown into a world full of poverty and crime. he suffered enormous pain, such as hunger, thirst, beating and abuse. while reading the tragic experiences of the little oliver, i was shocked by his sufferings. i felt for the poor boy, but at the same time i detested the evil fagin and the brutal bill. to my relief, as was written in all the best stories, the goodness eventually conquered devil and oliver lived a happy life in the end. one of the plots that attracted me most is that after the theft, little oliver was allowed to recover in the kind care of mrs. maylie and rose and began a new life. he went for walks with them, or rose read to him, and he worked hard at his lessons. he felt as if he had left behind forever the world of crime and hardship and poverty. how can such a little boy who had already suffered oppressive affliction remain pure in body and mind? the reason is the nature of goodness. i think it is the most important information implied in the novel by dickens-he believed that goodness could conquer every difficulty. although i don't think goodness is omnipotent, yet i do believe that those who are kind-hearted live more happily than those who are evil-minded. for me, the nature of goodness is one of the most necessary character for a person. goodness is to humans what water is to fish. he who is without goodness is an utterly worthless person. on the contrary, as the famous saying goes, 'the fragrance always stays in the hand that gives the rose', he who is with goodness undoubtedly is a happy and useful person. people receiving his help are grateful to him and he also gets gratified from what he has done, and thus he can do good to both the people he has helped and himself. to my disappointment, nowadays some people seem to doubt the existence of the goodness in humanity. they look down on people's honesty and kindness, thinking it foolish of people to be warm-hearted. as a result, they show no sympathy to those who are in trouble and seldom offer to help others.。
4.红与黑英文版介绍
Stendhal's The Red and the Black The Red and the Black (1830) is a novel by Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle). It is the story of a young man抯 ambition to become prominent and successful in aristocratic society. Its setting is eastern France, in 1830.Julien Sorel is the nineteen-year-old son of a woodcutter in the provincial town of Verrières. Julian and his father cannot get along with each other. Julien is sensitive and scholarly, and is unsuited to the trade of his father.Julien has romantic dreams of achieving power and glory, and of overcoming his low social status as the son of a tradesman. He dreams of being like Napoleon, but sees that military ability is not presently the best way to have a successful career. Thus, he decides to prepare for a career in the church rather than in the army. He studies theology with Father Chélan, the eighty-year-old priest of the local parish.Julien takes on a superficial appearance of piety, and wears the black cassock of a priest. He is hired as a tutor for the children of Monsieur de Rênal, who is mayor of Verrières.Julien falls in love with the mayor抯 wife, Madame de Rênal. She is ten years older than Julien, but she has never really loved her husband, who married her when she was sixteen. She is very religious and devout, but she falls passionately in love with Julien.Julien is very aware of the social class difference between himself and Madame de Rênal. When he falls in love with her, it is the first time that he has ever fallen in love, but he tries to play the part of a man who is accustomed to brilliant success with women. He is awkward and clumsy, and is unsophisticated, but is eager to learn the elegant manners of aristocratic society.Because he is acutely aware of the social class difference between himself and Madame de Rênal, he initially questions her sincerity. Thus, his love for her becomes a form of ambition to try to overcome his own feelings of inferiority. His goal is to have power and control over a noble and beautiful woman. At the same time, his unstable sense of pride and self-esteem makes him very sensitive to any perceived slight or humiliation by Monsieur de Rênal or by other members of aristocratic society.The King makes an official visit to Verrières, and the town engages in a celebration. Madame de Rênal wants to see Julien wear something other than his usual black cassock, and she arranges for him to wear a military uniform in the procession and to ride a horse in the honor guard. After the procession, Julien gallops back to Monsieur de Rênal抯 house, so that he can change back into his black cassock and then appear with the bishop and clergy when the King visits the church.Julien's sudden change of appearance, alternating between the uniform of the army and the church, between the red and the black, is symbolic of the conflict in his personality between truthfulness and pretense, between sincerity and hypocrisy.Monsieur de Rênal learns of the affair between his wife and Julien from an anonymous letter which has been sent to the Renal house. The letter has been secretly written by Monsieur Valenod, the sub-prefect of Verrières, who dislikes Julien. Monsieur Valenod is a rival of Monsieur de Rênal for public esteem and prestige, and wants to become the mayor of the town.Father Chélan hears of the relationship between Julien and Madame de Rênal, and arranges for Julien to leave town and to become a student in the seminary at Besançon. Monsieur Rênal also wants to send Julian to the seminary in order to avoid a public scandal over Julien抯 relationship with Madame de Rênal, and in order to prevent Julien from becoming a tutor at Monsieur Valenod抯 house.Madame de Rênal feels guilty about her relationship with Julien, and becomes increasingly remorseful and penitent.Julien meets his friend Fouqué before traveling to the seminary. Fouqué is a timber merchant and offers to make Julien a partner in his business but Julien does not accept the offer.Julien becomes a student in the seminary at Besançon, and gradually realizes that he is unaware of the internal politics of the religious community. He discovers that the seminary is a place of deception and hypocrisy, but he becomes a friend of Father Pirard, the fair-minded and unselfish director of the seminary. Father Pirard is rather stern and severe, but differs from the other clergy in that he is scrupulous and truthful.Father Pirard loses his position as director, because he has supported the Marquis de la Mole in a lawsuit against the Abbé de Frilair, a clever and ambitious man who has a powerful position in the church hierarchy. Father Pirard finds a position for 。
5.关于红与黑这部外国文学作品的论文
红与黑》是十九世纪法国批判现实主义小说家斯汤达的作 品， 只要是读过这本小说的人都不可能把小说中人物的个性， 言 谈举止从自己的脑海中赶出去。
这一切都不停的萦绕在他们的 脑际， 让他们去思索， 让他们浮想联翩。 所有的评论家一致肯定斯汤达深刻的反映了他的时代。
只 要看看小说的副标题“** 年记事”就可以体会到斯汤达和巴 尔扎克一样， 只是在自觉地为现代社会谱写历史。可是对大多数 的读者来说， 显然不是因为关心一百多年前的政治才喜欢《红与 黑》的。
人们真正感兴趣的是它的主人公于连·索雷尔。于连和 整个社会的环境的冲突， 他的野心， 抱负与孤军奋斗， 他对现实 的愤懑不平和报复性的反抗。
这才是小说扣人心弦的地方。离开 了于连的悲剧， 其他的一切对读者便毫无意义。
在体味着小说引人的情节， 在对主人公的命运经过迭荡的 推进而突然戛然而止于死亡而悲叹时， 人们不能不一再问到： “红”与“黑”究竟是什么？ 它的真正喻意是什么？ 对于这个问题， 一百年来文艺研究家进行无休止的争论， 一直没有一致的看法， 众说纷纭， 莫衷一是， 或者认为“红”指红色的军装， 代表军队； “黑”指教士的黑袍， 代表教会。或者认为“红”是指法国大革命和 拿破仑战争的英雄时代；“黑”是指复辟王朝的反动统治。
或者认 为“红”指以特殊方式反抗复辟制度的小资产阶级叛逆者于连； “黑”指包揽反动教会、贵族阶级和资产阶级在内的黑暗势力。有 人以“人性的深度”的角度认为红与黑是以“红”为象征的一种感 情力量和以“黑”为象征的另一种感情力量的拼搏。
还有人利用 拉康精神分析理论对《红与黑》中欲望主体和叙述结构的关系进 行剖析， 认为小说的主人公主体徘徊在“想象界”和“象征界”之 间。因此对小说书名的解释为“红”是想象界， 是缺失的母亲、血、生命律动之源， 是欲望本身的形象；“黑”是象征界， 是父亲、法律 制度、现实原则， 阉割、修道院、宗教之权威。
可以说是“仁者见 仁， 义者见义”， 当然无可非议， 这是所有可以被称作伟大小说的 共同品格。例如《红楼梦》， 有人读出了革命， 有人读出了政治， 有 人读出了爱情， 有人读出了人生等等。
透过《红与黑》的字里行间， 随着引人入胜的情节， 我们仔细 体味着之中所含的“红”与“黑”。我认为这个作品从开始、发展到 结束， 贯穿着三组“红”与“黑”的主线， 顺着这三组线索才能深刻 理解作者赋予这篇作品的深刻意义， 才能理解主人公短暂的一 生和他的命运。
第一组：“红”象征着拿破仑士兵的红军服；“黑”象征着教士 的黑色道袍。 第二组：“红”象征着于连·索雷尔追求的飞黄腾达；“黑”象 征着主人公结局的死亡。
第三组：“红”象征着教堂的圣水、死亡、子宫、于连的重生； “黑”同时象征着教堂、死亡、洞穴。 下面我们分组来解析其中的寓意。
第一组：“红”象征着拿破仑士兵的红军服；“黑”象征着教士 的黑色袍子 这是斯汤达本人在回答朋友的询问时的解释。在小说的开 始， 作者就给人们展示了表面虽然文弱但是心灵的深处， 有一团 火一样的进取力量， 一股往着高处涌流的狂奔不息的热血的于 连。
那么怎样才能出人头地呢？拿破仑士兵的红军服是他心中的 向往， 他们想自己像拿破仑那样年三十立功于战场而成为显赫 的将军。然而于连生不逢时， 在王政复辟时期， 平民甚至没有穿 上军制服的可能， 最好能够通向上层社会的途径就是当教士了。
当于连看到一个德高望重的老法官在一场无聊的纠纷中被一个 小小的教士所击败， 一个四十多岁的神甫就拿到三倍于拿破仑 麾下名将的薪俸， 他就不再提拿破仑的名字而发奋攻读神学了。 他想：“在一切事业里都需要聪明人……在拿破仑统治下， 我会 是一名军官， 在未来的神甫中， 我将是一名主教。”
因此，“红与 黑”在这里平行的， 都是于连新追求的飞黄腾达之路。 第二组：“红”象征着于连索雷尔的追求的飞黄腾达；“黑”象 征着主人公的结局 要理解这一组， 笔者认为应从以下三个方面理解。
1. 从小说的创作原意 值得注意的是， 斯汤达为什么在小说里使他的主人公这样 一个“才智之士”， 这样一个充满理想而处事慎重、谨慎的青年的 结局以悲剧告终， 而不是塑造一个成功者形象呢？我认为这就是 斯汤达没有解释完的书名的喻意， 也就是“红”象征着于连的追 求；“黑”象征着死亡。在这里“红”与“黑”不是平行的， 而是对立 的矛盾。
要理解这一组， 应该从以下两个方面入手。 一是作者将拿破仑士兵的红色军装和教士的黑袍子这一 “红”——“黑”作为主人公于连所追求的梦想， 不仅仅是因为作 者曾经十七岁就投入军界， 三次随拿破仑远征欧洲， 亲身参加过 朗戈战役、耶拿战役， 曾经进驻米兰……他是同时代作家中唯一 真正了解拿破仑时代的人。
而时过境迁， 教士是一个能实现于连 野心的职业。 若想细致入微的理解斯汤达的作品， 必须先了解他的内心， 斯汤达的内心并非原动力旺盛， 充满志趣。
由于天赋与志趣自身 只不过是一些笼统的东西， 所以他所迷恋的是一些空洞形式， 也 就是说没有明确和具体的东西， 由于缺乏那种功利。
6.小说红与黑的赏析,评论```英文版的`````急~
（一） 、Julien is a liberator This viewpoint may be disputed by many people; I still believe that it is Julient which brought free ideology to such women who were being long term oppression. Chairman Mao had said that “You said Julien had destroyed others' family, even a happy family, this comment is not objective. Actually, such a happy family cannot be destroyed, if it were true, it would be unhappy obviously. That family has oppression, therefore, where is oppression, where is revolt. This is called reacting force, I am sure Julien is the liberator which helps Madame to carry on the revolt.” As every body knows that Julien is the commonest in lower class, he has ambition that changing his mortal status which prevent him from entering upper class and having highly self-development, although his tactics seemed too harsh or, at least, aggressive, he had spared no effort to pursuit what he believes belongs to his inner heart, let alone love between M. cie Renal and Mathilde. What causes Julien's death is not his immoral or illegal behaviors but the need of the politician's nasty competition for respective political profits. Julien is a liberator because his words and behaviors' influence had set an idol for the publicity, even the representative of upper class, M. cie Renal, we can see these lines in the ending of this novel: “M. cie Renal was faith to her promise. She did not seek in any way at all to take her own life; but three days after Julien (Julien' death), she died with her children in her arms.” Without Julien's influences, the ideology of revolt, even lightly disobey to such oppression could not be a little spark. Julien's death just the incident which sparked off a whole chain of disasters to the system of society, Julien became the deaf lamb of political tricks, whose miserable life showing to us just the initial intention of the writer to write this tragedy, that is to say, to reveal such nasty secrets behind pert faces.。
7.红与黑英文版介绍
Stendhal's The Red and the BlackThe Red and the Black (1830) is a novel by Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle). It is the story of a young man抯 ambition to become prominent and successful in aristocratic society. Its setting is eastern France, in 1830.Julien Sorel is the nineteen-year-old son of a woodcutter in the provincial town of Verrières. Julian and his father cannot get along with each other. Julien is sensitive and scholarly, and is unsuited to the trade of his father.Julien has romantic dreams of achieving power and glory, and of overcoming his low social status as the son of a tradesman. He dreams of being like Napoleon, but sees that military ability is not presently the best way to have a successful career. Thus, he decides to prepare for a career in the church rather than in the army. He studies theology with Father Chélan, the eighty-year-old priest of the local parish.Julien takes on a superficial appearance of piety, and wears the black cassock of a priest. He is hired as a tutor for the children of Monsieur de Rênal, who is mayor of Verrières.Julien falls in love with the mayor抯 wife, Madame de Rênal. She is ten years older than Julien, but she has never really loved her husband, who married her when she was sixteen. She is very religious and devout, but she falls passionately in love with Julien.Julien is very aware of the social class difference between himself and Madame de Rênal. When he falls in love with her, it is the first time that he has ever fallen in love, but he tries to play the part of a man who is accustomed to brilliant success with women. He is awkward and clumsy, and is unsophisticated, but is eager to learn the elegant manners of aristocratic society.Because he is acutely aware of the social class difference between himself and Madame de Rênal, he initially questions her sincerity. Thus, his love for her becomes a form of ambition to try to overcome his own feelings of inferiority. His goal is to have power and control over a noble and beautiful woman. At the same time, his unstable sense of pride and self-esteem makes him very sensitive to any perceived slight or humiliation by Monsieur de Rênal or by other members of aristocratic society.The King makes an official visit to Verrières, and the town engages in a celebration. Madame de Rênal wants to see Julien wear something other than his usual black cassock, and she arranges for him to wear a military uniform in the procession and to ride a horse in the honor guard. After the procession, Julien gallops back to Monsieur de Rênal抯 house, so that he can change back into his black cassock and then appear with the bishop and clergy when the King visits the church.Julien's sudden change of appearance, alternating between the uniform of the army and the church, between the red and the black, is symbolic of the conflict in his personality between truthfulness and pretense, between sincerity and hypocrisy.Monsieur de Rênal learns of the affair between his wife and Julien from an anonymous letter which has been sent to the Renal house. The letter has been secretly written by Monsieur Valenod, the sub-prefect of Verrières, who dislikes Julien. Monsieur Valenod is a rival of Monsieur de Rênal for public esteem and prestige, and wants to become the mayor of the town.Father Chélan hears of the relationship between Julien and Madame de Rênal, and arranges for Julien to leave town and to become a student in the seminary at Besançon. Monsieur Rênal also wants to send Julian to the seminary in order to avoid a public scandal over Julien抯 relationship with Madame de Rênal, and in order to prevent Julien from becoming a tutor at Monsieur Valenod抯 house.Madame de Rênal feels guilty about her relationship with Julien, and becomes increasingly remorseful and penitent.Julien meets his friend Fouqué before traveling to the seminary. Fouqué is a timber merchant and offers to make Julien a partner in his business but Julien does not accept the offer.Julien becomes a student in the seminary at Besançon, and gradually realizes that he is unaware of the internal politics of the religious community. He discovers that the seminary is a place of deception and hypocrisy, but he becomes a friend of Father Pirard, the fair-minded and unselfish director of the seminary. Father Pirard is rather stern and severe, but differs from the other clergy in that he is scrupulous and truthful.Father Pirard loses his position as director, because he has supported the Marquis de la Mole in a lawsuit against the Abbé de Frilair, a clever and ambitious man who has a powerful position in the church hierarchy. Father Pirard finds a position for 。
8.求一篇关于司汤达的《红与黑》的英文简介
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and Germany. Switzerland ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了，为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰？原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩，又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象，而且通过主人公的经历，展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷，触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。
小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅，但又自私、多疑。
在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会，因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪：启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响，培养了他的反搞性格。
他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋，飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期，拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。
就在这样的岩石底下，一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识，明知毫无价值，却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。
他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家，当起家庭教师来。在那段时期，他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系，大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。
但是，纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂，助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后，亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕，于是他便耍起了两面派手法，这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。
神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格，强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识，但在受到侯爵重用，征服玛特尔小姐后，于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。
他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时，因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程，把自己送上了断头台。
作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说，《红与黑》并没有从概念出发，将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反，。
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