众文网毕业论文英文摘要用哪个翻译准确(论文摘要的英文翻译)
1.论文摘要的英文翻译
Power load as power system is an important part of its randomness, distribution, complexity and diversity and nonlinear characteristics such as to its accuracy, mathematical modeling of the research work very difficult. At the same time, as the power system is the important component of mathematical modeling, load modeling accuracy for the correctness of the research results have important influence. Therefore, the load modeling research work is very necessary. How to improve the accuracy and load modeling, has become the focus of research load modeling. Based on the comprehensive load model considering the distribution network as the research object, by digital simulation method, and the load model for an in-depth study of the simulation.First introduced in China at present application in power system analysis and calculation of the common load model comparison and analysis of the characteristics of them. In addition, detailed introduces the comprehensive load model considering the distribution network, research on power system in the actual load model parameters of each important constitute the equivalent transformation method.Secondly, based on the development of China's electric power system comprehensive analysis program (hereinafter referred to as PSASP), to construct the actual power system simulation model, based on comprehensive considering the distribution network load model parameters of each parameter sensitivity and the simulation range analysis.。
2.急求毕业论文摘要的英文翻译
As the saying goes, the market economy is the competitive economy, what the competition struggles is what, what between the competitor depends upon to carry on the competition? Although factor quite a lot, but the talented person is a very primary factor without doubt. The person talented person far is the enterprise development most important resources, an enterprise must prosperous, need to develop, needs to be in an impregnable position in the intense market competition, detains the talented person is a key. But a present enterprise universal existence's question is actually the scarce talented person cannot look, the important talented person cannot detain, brain drain particularly outstanding talent, The core talented person's outflow question highlights day after day. In order to avoid the brain drain, prevents the talented person too frequent flowing the adverse effect which brings to the enterprise, must analyze the brain drain through the research the present situation, the research, prevents the brain drain. Actually how to explain the enterprise brain drain the fan bureau, how to let the enterprise detain the core talented person to become at present the enterprise survival and the development essential topic naturally.。
3.能帮我翻译一下论文的摘要吗?翻译成英文,用专业术语 谢谢了~
Abstract: According to the topography of Jinan City, state, rainfall characteristics and traffic conditions, carried out after a heavy rainstorm in Jinan on the public awareness of traffic conditions survey, the use of statistical methods to analyze the current condition of the vehicles in Jinan, road construction and drainage situation, understand Jinan, more than the number of vehicles and the trend was the rapid growth year after year; imperfect drainage system status. Analyzed easily Jinan storm causes and effects of traffic congestion. Jinan City, the low-lying South High North, into the semi-basin-shaped; year, mostly in July and August precipitation and heavy rainstorms, with Jinan road construction is unreasonable, within a short time around the water poured into the city, resulting in the rapid low-lying plot at Water to block the traffic, resulting in economic losses. Which we conduct in-depth research, the strengthening legislation, improving road drainage system construction, and increasing public awareness of disaster prevention and other series of recommendations to improve the existing situation. Keywords: storm the terrain of Jinan, Jinan Traffic Situation。
4.论文摘要英语翻译大家都用什么软件
论文摘翻译软件有很多，论文摘要是整篇文章的精华，写好一篇摘要并且准确地翻译好对于论文来说至关重要，但翻译软件只能起辅助作用，其准确率是无法保证的，如果是自己的英语水平不差，又懒得打字，可以借助翻译软件，让其辅助你，但你或许会发现，不借助翻译软件反而可能翻译得更快，或者如果您有熟人正好英语好，可以请他们为您翻译。
如果对自己或熟人没有信心，可以找专业的译者。专业的事情还是要交给专业的人去做，自己则去做自己专业内的事，这样时间才能真正发挥其价值，另外还避免了不必要的担忧，省去了人情方面的负担。
像国际科学编辑就不错，国际科学编辑是最早在中国开展语言编辑服务并提供本地化支持的国际公司。数十年来成功的为众多中国科技工作者发表论文提供语言支持。国际科学编辑所有的编辑都是拥有博士学历，并且有相关专业背景的英语母语专家。每一篇来自中国作者的文章，都会交付到英语母语编辑手中进行修改。
5.论文摘要英文翻译去哪里
写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。
介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如： Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text. 叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如： This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures. 叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如： Our text achieved the possibility above.。
6.本科生毕业论文的摘要翻译成英文,高悬赏
The level of recycling of construction waste in China today is relatively low. As a consequence, resource wastage and environmental pollution occured. This paper discusses, in detail, the categories, composition and sources of the construction waste. This paper offers insights on both the current state, and the future trend of construction waste recycling in China at both policy-making and technological levels. The aim of the paper is to illustrate the importance and the dire necessity of the nation-wide adaptation of of the "resourcing" of construction waste. By exploring the methods used in "resourcing" both within China and overseas (with waste wood chips and cement as examples), we propose a few feasible suggestions. Via an analytical methodology, including rigorous examination of the estimations of the amount of construction waste produced, we establish several applicable ranges of the various methods of estimation. Based on the analysis of the relationship between quantity of construction waste, and other contributing factors, we propose a formula which forecasts the amount of production based on data input.
我修改了一下几个句子的顺序。专业名词你可能还得校正一下哦：）
7.论文摘要的英文翻译
International trade is an important drive power in the growth and development of national economy. Many countries and regions in the world are developed rapidly on the basis of international trade. In the process of economic development international trade can optimize the combination of production elements and the configuration of economic resources, also can transfer the object form of the commodity and promote the value added, therefore international trade has a special function which other economic department can not replace it. And the degree of dependence on international trade is a criterion to measure the position of international trade in a country' national economy. Generally the higher the degree of dependence on international trade, the greater the national economy depends on international trade, in addition it implies international trade owns more important position in the national economy of that country. With the economic globalization, the proportion of international trade in national economy of all countries in the world is increasing. During 1980~2000, the annual increase speed of global commodity trade volume was up to 6.1%, while the annual increased speed of global economy was 5.4%. According to the calculation of WTO and IMF, the global degree of dependence on international trade was 25.4% in 1960, 27.9 in 1970, 38.7% in 1990, 41.7% in 2000, and in 2003 it was near 45%. As a large developing country in economic transition, China's degree of dependence on international trade is also increasing annually.。
8.毕业论文摘要 英文翻译 急
参考一下，希望能帮到lz Celebrities speak of innovative practices Abstract Among the many stars as spokesmen of the product today, to really the voice of the combination of features and brand image, and maximize, three-dimensional star to tap the value of spokesmen, is not an easy task, not an ad on the tasks to be completed , But a systems engineering. Celebrity is to speak through the voice to use, it runs through the integration of communications activities has become the soul of brand characters, its maximum value for the brand to create more assets. Celebrity ads by the effect of the impact of celebrity credibility, including the attraction of celebrity credibility, professionalism and reliability of three elements, professionalism and reliability of the results of the celebrity ads have a positive impact on the attractiveness of the effect of advertising The impact of celebrity and advertising of goods between the consistency of constraints, celebrity image and the image consistency of goods further explanation of the celebrities have an impact on consumer advertising for the specific process, in the image of celebrity celebrities in advertising and commodity image of the impact of advertising is consistency of results The decisive factor. Use your voice to speak products is a common marketing practices, the use of advertising and consumer advocate as a bridge for communication, not only to consumers quickly recognize products, but also by advertising spokesman for the recommendation and endorsement, enhance brand Identification of and different from other brands of unique, then the advertising effect of upgrading our products and enhance the positive impression on the minds of consumers. In this paper, mainly through the existing method of celebrities speak to an analysis of the current celebrity ads by the use of innovative practices, Li Chu today to welcome and consumer favorite celebrity speak practices, and clearly speak to the attention of celebrity in all its aspects and in the future The celebrities speak in the ad to the attention of the points. Key words: celebrities speak; innovation; advertising; methods。
毕业论文英文摘要字母怎么对齐(论文的正确格式该是什么样的呢)
1.论文的正确格式该是什么样的呢
1.论文结构及写作要求 论文（设计说明书）应包括封面、目录、题目、中文摘要与关键词、英文题目、英文摘要与关键词、正文、参考文献、致谢和附录等部分。
1.1 目录 目录独立成页，包括论文中全部章、节的标题及页码。 1.2 题目 题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。
论文题目一般中文字数不超过25个字，外文题目不超过15个实词，不使用标点符号，中外文题名应一致。标题中尽量不用英文缩写词，必须采用时，应使用本行业通用缩写词。
1.3 摘要与关键词 1.3.1 摘要 摘要是对论文（设计说明书）内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要说明研究工作的目的、主要材料和方法、研究结果、结论、科学意义或应用价值等，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表以及非公知公用的符号和术语，不标注引用文献编号。
中文摘要一般为300字左右。 1.3.2 关键词 关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条（参照相应的技术术语标准），一般列3~8个，按词条的外延层次从大到小排列，应在摘要中出现。
中英文关键词应一一对应。 1.4 论文正文 论文正文包括前言、论文主体及结论等部分。
1.4.1 前言 前言应综合评述前人工作，说明论文工作的选题目的、背景和意义、国内外文献综述以及论文所要研究的主要内容。对所研究问题的认识，以及提出问题。
1.4.2 论文主体 论文主体是论文的主要部分，应该结构合理，层次清楚，重点突出，文字简练、通顺。 1.4.3 结论（结果与分析） 结论是对整个论文主要成果的归纳，应突出论文（设计）的创新点，以简练的文字对论文的主要工作进行评价。
若不可能作出应有的结论，则进行必要的讨论。可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想及尚待解决的问题等等。
结论作为单独一章排列，不加章号。 1.5 参考文献 参考文献反映论文的取材来源、材料的广博程度。
论文中引用的文献应以近期发表的与论文工作直接有关的学术期刊类文献为主。应是作者亲自阅读或引用过的，不应转录他人文后的文献。
1.6 致谢 向给予指导、合作、支持及协助完成研究工作的单位、组织或个人致谢，内容应简洁明了、实事求是，避免俗套。 1.7 附录 不宜放在正文中但有重要参考价值的内容（如公式的推导、程序流程图、图纸、数据表格等）可编入论文的附录中。
2.书写及打印要求 2.1 论文书写 论文（设计说明书）要求统一使用Microsoft Word软件进行文字处理，统一采用A4页面（210*297㎜）复印纸打印。其中上边距25㎜、下边距25㎜、左边距25㎜、右边距25㎜、页眉15㎜、页脚15㎜。
字间距为标准，行间距为单倍行距。页眉内容统一为“华中农业大学学士学位论文（设计）”，采用宋体小五号斜体字居右排写。
页码在下边线下居中放置，用小五号字体。目录、摘要、关键词等文前部分的页码用罗马数字（Ⅰ、Ⅱ……）编排，正文以后的页码用阿拉伯数字（1、2……）编排。
论文错漏按正式出版物要求不能大于万分之一。 2.2 目录 目录应包括论文中全部章节的标题及页码，含摘要与关键词（中、外文）、正文章、节题目（农、理、工科类要求编写到第3级标题，即□.□.□。
文、法、经、管科类可视论文需要进行，编写到2~3级标题）、参考文献、致谢、附录等。 目录题头用四号黑体字居中排写，隔行书写目录内容。
目录中各章节题序及标题用五号宋体。目录打印示例见附录。
2.3 摘要与关键词 中、外文摘要与关键词单独成页置于目录后，编排上中文在前，外文在后。摘要、关键词题头均用四号黑体字居中排写，隔行书写具体内容，内容文字用五号宋体字，英文用Times New Roman。
关键词各词条间用分号“；”隔开。 2.4 论文正文 2.4.1 章节及各章标题 章节标题应突出重点、简明扼要，字数一般在15字以内，不使用标点符号。
标题中尽量不采用英文缩写词，对必须采用者，应使用本行业的通用缩写词。 2.4.2 层次 层次根据实际需要选择，以少为宜。
各层次标题不得置于页面的最后一行（孤行）。层次代号格式要求参照表2-1和表2-2。
表2-1 农理工科类论文层次代号及说明 章1□***** 顶格，四号黑体 节1.1□***** 顶格，小四号黑体 条1.1.1□***** 顶格，五号黑体 款1.1.1.1□***** 顶格，五号黑体 □□******************************* 首行空两格，五号宋体 项（1）**** 顶格，五号宋体 □□******************************* 首行空两格，五号宋体 表2-2 文法经管类论文层次代号及说明 章一、***** 顶格，四号黑体 节（一）**** 顶格，小四号黑体 条□□1.***** 空两格，五号黑体 □□******************************* 空两格，五号宋体（正文） 款□□（1）**** 空两格，五号黑体 □□******************************* 空两格，五号宋体（正文） 项□□①□***** 空两格，五号宋体 □□******************************* 首行空两格，五号宋体（正文） 2.5 参考文献 2.5.1 文献标识 引文是论证的辅助手段，应忠于原意，表达完整，准确切题。在论文中引用文献时，应在引文处标注被引用人的姓名和被引用文献发表的年份。
若所引用文献只有1-2名作者时作者姓名全部列出（外文文献只列姓氏），当所引用文献作者。
土木工程毕业论文英文和翻译(土木工程英语论文翻译)
1.土木工程英语论文翻译
可以看看这个 呵呵 是 土木专业英语上的课文 building types and designA building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960's a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we're chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can 。
2.我想翻译一篇土木工程的文献 英译汉的
位移矢量的组件将被用，。如果这些位移不是常数在整个场有变形，或菌株。在图13.1菌株在x,y平面显示。
长度的变化的一个元素的原始长度，除以该原始长度，是横向应变。这种应变可表示为位移
差异，见图13.1，通过：
长度的变化的一个元素的原始长度，除以该原始长度、纵向应变。其定义的角度位移，见图13.1,
Becausecan增加在y方向，只有x轴向，正确的角在左下角的元素可能会变得有点小。一个一半的这种减少是指示为剪切应变，
相似的菌株可能发生在其他飞机，当然，类似的定义。在三维情况下的基因艾尔的定义应变组件：
3.跪求一篇关于土木工程的中英文翻译论文 5000字 毕业用的 在线等
Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section,fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints,satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3–5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures.* Corresponding 改进非线性塑性铰空间框架结构的分析 摘要：这份研究报告表明三维的框架结构与二维逻辑性塑性铰的关联，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入横断面移动为基准，并考虑轴力、弯曲和扭力的移位之间的关系。
发达的计算机程序作出通过每个物质成分作为一个基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可弯曲的负载量，它也能预报可弯曲负载量与轴向扭力和横向扭力的不稳定性的关联，这对预报非线性空间结构的作用是必不可少的，以便非线性空间结构的性能和部分成分一些原理能被输入计算机。重要的非线性通过使用浓缩的塑性铰方式被制作模型，塑性铰和成分末端是容许存在。
数值的例子包括集合学和重要的非线性，两者习惯于证明目的的分析方法和电脑程序的稳定性，精确性。
4.急需土木工程毕业论文相关的英语翻译,一万个单词,有的帅哥美女们
Paper Keywords: civil status and development trendAbstract: Modern Civil Engineering keep human society to create a new physical environment, as human society, an important part of modern civilization. This article discusses the meaning of Civil Engineering, status and future trends. the history of human civilization, civil engineering and the natural struggle in constant progress and development. In China's modernization construction, civil engineering sector has increasingly become a pillar industry in national economic development. Meanwhile, with the social and technological development, building size, functionality, style and the corresponding large-scale construction techniques become more complex and diverse, using new materials, new equipment, new technology and the construction of the structure rapid technological change, energy-saving technology, information control, ecological technology, the combination of growing and building, construction and building itself is a complex support of many new technologies. The high-rise and large span buildings, large span bridges and structures as large and complex technology is the core of modern structures to represent the development of a country's level of construction science and technology an important symbol. All of this is that more and more in civil engineering technology and innovation reflects the role, who can grasp the turn of the century the development trend of the Civil Engineering discipline. Who will be able to create a knowledge economy era of the Civil Engineering disciplines.First, the meaning of Civil of various types of civil engineering facilities is the science, technology and engineering in general. Civil Engineering are two aspects to understand the meaning. Layer of meaning refers to human life and production activities related to various types of engineering facilities, such as construction, road and urban road projects, hydropower and water conservancy bureau dam, railway engineering, bridge engineering, tunnel engineering, engineering, development and utilization of underground space . Another layer of meaning refers to the application materials for the construction of project facilities, construction equipment, carried out on the land survey, design, construction and other engineering activities. After years of development, civil engineering practice and research has made remarkable achievements, both mechanical analysis of the structure, or design theory and methods and structure of the project means to have a very big breakthrough; particularly in the last several years , at the top, large span structures and steel in particular has performed amazing. However, the future, there are still many areas of civil engineering issues we need to be further explored.Second, the development status of Civil EngineeringChina Civil Engineering Construction 50s from the 20th century has not stopped since, and has developed rapidly, especially in recent years, the development is extremely rapid, almost the whole of China has become a big construction site. The new high-rise buildings, exhibition centers, railways, highways, bridges, ports and waterways in large water sprung up across the country, the new structure, new materials, new technology and vigorously research, development and application. Rapid development, the number is huge, so amazed the world.End of 2000, China's railway operator has reached 67,800 kilometers away, the world No. 4, in Asia. Urban Light Rail and Metro Rail towards the development of the two sides. Meanwhile, China is also actively building high-speed railway between Wuhan and Guangzhou high-speed railway operating time is only 4 hours. In addition, the magnetic levitation train is also developing. Bridge project has also made remarkable achievements, along with the constant renovation of the bridge types, the main breakthrough in cross-span again. Yangpu Bridge, Nanpu Bridge, Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and other built-span bridges span both the structure indicates that China has reached a new level, has entered the ranks of the advanced world level. At present, China has built three meters above the bridge, 800m above the bridge 8, 600m above the bridge 15, 400m above the bridge 40, Chongqing Wanxian hole span of 420m of reinforced concrete on the bridge has attracted a great world counterparts interest. In water construction, 50 years to build medium and small reservoirs nationwide 86,000, total reservoir storage capacity of 458 billion cubic meters. Embankment 。
5.跪求关于土木工程方面的英语翻译论文,中英文都有的~~~
太长了，我把中英分开吧.土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ，直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。
它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。
土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。
土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。 . 古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度，大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴，导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止，前后经历了两千多年。
在这段时间内，由于科学理论发展及其缓慢，土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。 从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间，国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。
土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展，新材料的出现，新工具的发明，都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。
到了近代，二战结束之后，许多国家经济起飞，现代科学日益进步，从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。 人们生活水平的不断提高，必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境，在这种情况下，建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。
总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。
在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大样的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。
近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能话技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。
一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃. English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project. Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering 。
6.求一篇英文一万字,土木工程方面的英文文献翻译,中文大概三四千字
4.5 Strength criteria for isotropic rock material4.5.1 Types of strength criterionA peak strength criterion is a relation between stress components which will permit the peak strengths developed under various stress combinations to be predicted. Similarly, a residual strength criterion may be used to predict residual strengths under varying stress conditions. In the same way, a yield criterion is a relation between stress components which is satisfied at the onset of permanent deformation. Given that effective stresses control the stress-strain behaviour of rocks, strength and yield criteria are best written in effective stress form. However, around most mining excavations, the pore-water will be low, if not zero, and so .For this reason it is common in mining rock mechanics to use total stresses in the majority of cases and to use effective stress criteria only in special circumstance. The data presented in the preceding sections indicate that the general form of the peak strength criterion should be (4.8)This is sometimes written in terms of the shear, and normal stresses, on a particular plane in the specimen: (4.9)Because the available data indicate that the intermediate principal stress, has less influence on peak strength than the minor principal stress, all of the criteria used in practice are reduced to the form (4.10)4.5.2 Coulomb's shear strength criterionIn one of the classic paper of rock and of engineering science, Coulomb(1977) postulated that the shear strengths of rock and of soil are made up of two part – a constant cohesion and a normal stress-dependent frictional component. (Actually, Coulomb presented his ideas and calculations in terms of forces; the differential concept of stress that we use today was not introduced until the 1820s.) Thus, the shear strength that can be developed on a plane such as ab in figure 4.22 is (4.11)Where c=cohesion and Ф= angle of internal friction.Applying the stress transformation equation to the case shown in figure 4.22 givesAndSubstitution for and s = τ in equation 4.11 and rearranging gives the limiting stress condition on any plane defined by β as (4.12) There will be a critical plane on which the available shear strength will be first reaches as б1 is increased. The Mohr circle construction of Figure 4023a given the orientation of this critical plane as (4.13)This result may also be obtained by putting d(s-τ)/dβ = 0 For the critical plane, sin2β = cosФ， cos2β = -sinФ， and equation 4.12 reduces to (4.14)This linear relation between and the peak value of is shown in Figure 4.23b. Note that the slope of this envelope is related to Ф by the equation (4.15)And that the uniaxial compressive strength is related to c and Ф by (4.16) If the Coulomb shown in Figure 4.23b is extrapolated to = 0, it will intersect the axis at an apparent value of uniaxial strength of the material given by (4.17)The measurement of the uniaxial tensile strength of rock is fraught with difficulty. However, when it is satisfactorily measured, it takes values that are generally lower than those predicted value of uniaxial tensile stress, =0. Although it is widely used, Coulomb's criterion is not a particularly satisfactory peak strength criterion for rock material. The reasons for this are:(a) It implies that a major shear fracture exist at peak strength. Observations such as those made by Wawersik and Fairhurst(1970) show that is not always the case.(b) It implies a direction of shear failure which does not always agree with experimental observations.(c) Experimental peak strength envelopes are generally non-linear. They can be considered linear only over limited ranges of or . For these reasons, other peak strength criteria are preferred for intact rock. However, the Coulomb criterion can provide a good representation of residual strength conditions, and more particularly, of the shear strength of discontinuities in rock (section 4.7).4.5.3 Griffith crack theoryIn another of the classic papers of engineering science, Griffith (1921) postulated that fracture of brittle materials, such as steel and glass, is initial at tensile stress concentrations at the tips of minute, thin cracks (now referred to as Griffith based his determination of the conditions under which a crack would extend on his energy instability concept: A crack will extend only when the total potential energy of the system of applied forces and material decreases or remains constant with an increase in crack length.ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY For the case in which the potential energy of the applied forces is taken to be constant throughout, the criterion for crack extension may be written (4.19)Where c is a crack length parameter, We is the 。
7.翻译一篇土木工程的论文摘要
On the Building Construction Problems and Suggestions
Abstract
With the accelerated process of urbanization, China has become the world's largest national housing construction, thereby increasing the quality of construction is particularly important. To improve construction quality, we must first do a good job engineering survey and design, followed by the owner, design, construction, supervision and other parties of the collaboration is a prerequisite for quality assurance. Furthermore, we need standardized supervision and strengthen the quality of the construction supervision team and do a visa process sub-projects a good job in technological innovation. For the benefit of future generations, prevent and reduce accidents, to protect people's lives and property safety, so that society as a whole focus on quality. Engineering Quality in Construction problem is the core issue is to determine the key to the success of project construction. With economic development, engineering, construction tasks, increasing the quality engineering continue to emerge at the same time, there's shabby work to make the country suffer great losses to people's lives and posed a serious threat aroused widespread concern.
Keywords: construction, construction management, engineering, quality, supervision
我是按照楼主的格式翻译的，你看看满意否。
毕业论文题目英文怎么翻译(急求毕业论文题目的英文翻译)
1.急求毕业论文题目的英文翻译
Abstract: Today, with the continuous developing of international economic communion, the pace of set up economic globalization is accelerating. China as an important pillar of world economy, the trend of economic integration with the world to a further strengthens. China's foreign trade enterprises are rapidly development and growth after China entering the WTO. But in recent years, under the affect of the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, the global economy is in a financial crisis. Many import and export enterprises in China are faced with layoffs, mergers or even bankruptcy. The pressure for foreign trade enterprises to survival and development to be unprecedented stressed out. Whether from a realistic or a historical point of view, it has very important theoretical and practical significance to adjustment the internal management and seeks a new model actively to survival and development for foreign trade enterprises. In this paper, it is first has a brief summarize of the international economic environment and historical cases which under the financial crisis, then analysis the predicament and pressure of China's foreign trade enterprises which under the current financial crisis. At the end, it provides a method for China's foreign trade enterprises to optimize their management and a solution to seek survival and development. [Key words]: International Economic Financial Crisis Foreign Trade Enterprise Optimize the Structure of Enterprise。
2.英语专业毕业论文题目,翻译方向
提供一些英语专业翻译方向的论文题目，供参考。
商务合同英汉互译技巧
英文品牌汉译
知识对于翻译的重要性
中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响
英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译
>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析
从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿
关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏
跨文化交际与商标翻译
中式菜肴的命名与翻译
浅谈英语电影片名的翻译
英文电影片名的翻译策略
英文化妆品广告之美学翻译
数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探
浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性
英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究
论语境在英汉翻译中的作用
浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则
中英服饰广告的翻译
论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性
论译者的风格与译风
经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译
从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
毕业论文的英文摘要
1.毕业论文英文摘要翻译
[abstract] This is Changsha YuanGe residential area design， 【construction's long, wide】，（不知道是你写的不全还是怎么，有点不通，如果你要加数字，就用the length of construction is。the width of construction is。） a total of 12 layer, total building area is。, building height of principal part is。. Design content mainly includes the architectural design and structural design .
The part of architectural design Including the overall layout,the plane and vertical transportation, and the requirements of fire prevention and evacuation. Design mainly include
planar configuration, elevation and profile design and fire protection and evacuation design, etc., follow the principle of "safty,availability,economy,aesthetics" , satisfy people's demand for residential use function and aesthetic.
Design structure using short-leg
shear wall system, to adapt to the new housing concept of people. Combining with hand calculation and PKPM computing , including load calculation (gravity load, wind load),shear walls and floor slabs, the design calculation of beam and reinforcement.
Key words: short-leg shear wall; High-rise residential; The structure design
本人CET-6水平，纯手工翻译，除查询专业单词外，绝没使用软件，耗时20分钟，还望采纳。希望你论文获得成功。
2.英语论文摘要
seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work.
the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.
The old saying: “When in Rome, do as the Romans” is not sufficient for bridging the communication gap and cultural differences between China and the western countries.What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, geographical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. When exploring the differences in communication manners and customs, we set them mainly into three parts: manner and culture; communication manner and table manner. Considering the roots of these differents, histirical and regional causes might took the significant places. Therefore, a cross culture environment and a cross culture mind do lead to the better understanding in today's communication.
done. run your spell check please. I didn't pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.
good luck and best wishes.
3.求毕业论文的英文摘要
The filling pile department is refers to, in the project scene through the mechanical drill hole, the steel pipe pushes methods and so on earth or manpower excavation forms the pile hole in the foundation soil, and lays aside the pile which in among them the reinforcing cage, the irrigation concretes make, according to becomes the hole method to be different, the filling pile may divide into the settling tube filling pile, the drill hole filling pile and digs the hole filling pile and so on several kinds.Drills a hole the filling pile is according to becomes one kind of pile which the pile method classification defines. The filling pile earliest more than 100 year ago in 1893, because of the industry development as well as the population growth, the high-rise construction increased unceasingly, but because many city's ground conditions were quite bad, could not withstand the pressure which directly transmitted by the high-rise construction, the surface following has the thickness very big soft soil or the medium intensity clay level, the construction high-rise construction like still continued to use the friction pile which at that time used in common, had the very big subsidence inevitably. Therefore engineers used for reference have dug a well the technical invention to dig in the hole to construct the reinforced concrete artificially to become the pile. Therefore afterward 50 years later, namely developed in the early-1940s along with the high efficiency drill hole machines and tools first is published successfully in the US, after World War II, the world was specially the European and American developed country economic resurgence and the development, at this point, changes with each new day along with the science and technology the development, drilled a hole the filling pile in high-level, in the ultrahigh layer building and the heavy construction is widely applied. Certainly, in our country, drilled a hole the filling pile design and the construction level also obtained the considerable development.。
4.毕业论文 英文摘要
Today's rapid development of information technology, the society needs more and more diverse, real estate management information is also more and more important, the management of operation data and property data information becomes more and more important.
How to use the standard of management information system and smooth information query input for modern city, the house property intermediary business, so I found a easy application and design of the property management system records inquires are necessary.
Paper discusses "property management system" the theoretical basis and the design thought, system development process and according to the function of the system to achieve the main discusses database management software development process. Major in software engineering theory as the theoretical basis of system development, client/server model in a relational database as the background, professional development of language as a means of realizing database of database management software development process analysis and theoretical research.
5.求毕业论文英文摘要
The new economic era, known as the corporate image of the human, material and financial resources beyond the "fourth resource", the competition among the enterprises of products from the local competition, price competition, resource competition, competition for talent, technology to the development of competition The integrity of corporate competition, that is, the image of competition. Create good corporate image, not only a modern market economy is an inevitable trend of development, but also enterprises face the increasingly fierce market competition and the success of winning a major magic weapon. For large enterprises, corporate image planning has been relatively mature. While many small and medium enterprises because the road taken the low-cost, how cost-competitive promotion to the quality of competition, and even brand competition, or unable, based on this understanding of SMEs, from corporate image recognition system in the concept of identification system Behavior recognition system, visual recognition systems of the three constituent elements of perspective, the current image of the planning for SMEs on the existence of several major problems, propose solutions to the measures, so that small and medium enterprises based on domestic and international trend of a number of simple Discussion.。
6.本科毕业论文需要英文摘要吗
本科毕业论文需要英文摘要，一般中文与英文并存。
论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页（页上无正文）之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前，与关键字置于上下。
扩展资料：
毕业论文撰写意义：
1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。
申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。可以这么说，毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有分量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。
一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。但是，实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。
2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。
3、提高大学生的写作水平是社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要。在新的历史时期，无论是提高全族的科学文化水平，掌握现代科技知识和科学管理方法，还是培养社会主义新人，都要求我们的干部具有较高的写作能力。
在经济建设中，作为领导人员和机关的办事人员，要写指示、通知、总结、调查报告等应用文；要写说明书、广告、解说词等说明文；还要写科学论文、经济评论等议论文。
在当今信息社会中，信息对于加快经济发展速度，取得良好的经济效益发挥着愈来愈大的作用。写作是以语言文字为信号，是传达信息的方式。信息的来源、信息的收集、信息的储存、整理、传播等等都离不开写作。
参考资料来源：百度百科——论文摘要
参考资料来源：百度百科——毕业论文
7.毕业论文摘要英文
Nowadays, our domestic private enterprises have developed, and successively emerge a number of large and medium-sized private enterprise with abundant strength, and private enterprises in absorbing employment personnel, increase the fiscal revenue plays an increasingly important role. At present, however, the overall competitiveness of domestic enterprises is weak, plus a foreign-capital enterprise after China's entry into wto, China's entering domestic enterprises, especially private enterprises are faced with severe tests. How to improve the private enterprise of domestic enterprises, especially the synthesis competitive ability, the dilemma that has become a top priority. Now a general consensus of enterprises, the competition between enterprises is essentially the enterprise brand competition, promote enterprise's brand value, completes the brand strategy to improve the competitiveness of enterprises is one of the essential factors.
Based on the combination of theory with case analysis method, different from the Angle of private enterprise of brand positioning and brand strategy, analyzes the problems faced by private enterprise of the form and the problems and solutions, and ultimately selected for different levels of strategy, and then give the private enterprise strategy of brand positioning and the research provides a reference.
The letter divides into three parts, the first part of this enterprise and brand strategy: the second part of a concrete analysis of private enterprise and brand strategy: the third part of the above problems are summarized and realistic meaning of the comments and Suggestions.
8.关于论文摘要的英文版
16 session of Fifth Plenary Session pointed out that, the construction socialism new countryside is in our country modernization advancement significant duty.Only then speeds up the construction socialism new countryside, can as scheduled realize the comprehensive construction well-off society and the modernized powerful nation grand goal.In which economic agent decision socialism new rural reconstruction success or failure.Has carried on the investigation to the current rural economy development, manifests following present situation.Agricultural structure contradictory still prominent, the industrial production degree is not high; The village level debt bears heavily, restricts the economical development seriously; The agricultural capital rises in prices excessively quickly, alleviated the advancement which the farmer becomes rich; Works the output overall quality to be low, the employment additionally receives ability not to be strong; The country shifts the payment not to be able the full amount arriving, the countryside society enterprise to invest the insufficiency.Has conducted the research to these questions, may take the following countermeasure measure.Speeds up the agricultural structure adjustment step, the advancement agriculture industrial production advancement; Enlarge attract/bid for/invite investments dynamics, advancement industrialization advancement; The force advancement urbanization, speeds up the city and countryside integration advancement; Speeds up the agricultural surplus-labor the shift, cultivates the new economical point of growth; Carries out central in countryside each policy, the promotion economy development, the farmer additionally receives.
Key words: New countryside; Economic agent; Agricultural structure; Additionally receiving
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