毕业论文的英文摘要用什么软件翻译

毕业论文英文摘要用哪个翻译准确(论文摘要的英文翻译)

1.论文摘要的英文翻译

Power load as power system is an important part of its randomness, distribution, complexity and diversity and nonlinear characteristics such as to its accuracy, mathematical modeling of the research work very difficult. At the same time, as the power system is the important component of mathematical modeling, load modeling accuracy for the correctness of the research results have important influence. Therefore, the load modeling research work is very necessary. How to improve the accuracy and load modeling, has become the focus of research load modeling. Based on the comprehensive load model considering the distribution network as the research object, by digital simulation method, and the load model for an in-depth study of the simulation.First introduced in China at present application in power system analysis and calculation of the common load model comparison and analysis of the characteristics of them. In addition, detailed introduces the comprehensive load model considering the distribution network, research on power system in the actual load model parameters of each important constitute the equivalent transformation method.Secondly, based on the development of China's electric power system comprehensive analysis program (hereinafter referred to as PSASP), to construct the actual power system simulation model, based on comprehensive considering the distribution network load model parameters of each parameter sensitivity and the simulation range analysis.。

2.急求毕业论文摘要的英文翻译

As the saying goes, the market economy is the competitive economy, what the competition struggles is what, what between the competitor depends upon to carry on the competition? Although factor quite a lot, but the talented person is a very primary factor without doubt. The person talented person far is the enterprise development most important resources, an enterprise must prosperous, need to develop, needs to be in an impregnable position in the intense market competition, detains the talented person is a key. But a present enterprise universal existence's question is actually the scarce talented person cannot look, the important talented person cannot detain, brain drain particularly outstanding talent, The core talented person's outflow question highlights day after day. In order to avoid the brain drain, prevents the talented person too frequent flowing the adverse effect which brings to the enterprise, must analyze the brain drain through the research the present situation, the research, prevents the brain drain. Actually how to explain the enterprise brain drain the fan bureau, how to let the enterprise detain the core talented person to become at present the enterprise survival and the development essential topic naturally.。

3.能帮我翻译一下论文的摘要吗?翻译成英文,用专业术语 谢谢了~

Abstract: According to the topography of Jinan City, state, rainfall characteristics and traffic conditions, carried out after a heavy rainstorm in Jinan on the public awareness of traffic conditions survey, the use of statistical methods to analyze the current condition of the vehicles in Jinan, road construction and drainage situation, understand Jinan, more than the number of vehicles and the trend was the rapid growth year after year; imperfect drainage system status. Analyzed easily Jinan storm causes and effects of traffic congestion. Jinan City, the low-lying South High North, into the semi-basin-shaped; year, mostly in July and August precipitation and heavy rainstorms, with Jinan road construction is unreasonable, within a short time around the water poured into the city, resulting in the rapid low-lying plot at Water to block the traffic, resulting in economic losses. Which we conduct in-depth research, the strengthening legislation, improving road drainage system construction, and increasing public awareness of disaster prevention and other series of recommendations to improve the existing situation. Keywords: storm the terrain of Jinan, Jinan Traffic Situation。

4.论文摘要英语翻译大家都用什么软件

论文摘翻译软件有很多，论文摘要是整篇文章的精华，写好一篇摘要并且准确地翻译好对于论文来说至关重要，但翻译软件只能起辅助作用，其准确率是无法保证的，如果是自己的英语水平不差，又懒得打字，可以借助翻译软件，让其辅助你，但你或许会发现，不借助翻译软件反而可能翻译得更快，或者如果您有熟人正好英语好，可以请他们为您翻译。

如果对自己或熟人没有信心，可以找专业的译者。专业的事情还是要交给专业的人去做，自己则去做自己专业内的事，这样时间才能真正发挥其价值，另外还避免了不必要的担忧，省去了人情方面的负担。

像国际科学编辑就不错，国际科学编辑是最早在中国开展语言编辑服务并提供本地化支持的国际公司。数十年来成功的为众多中国科技工作者发表论文提供语言支持。国际科学编辑所有的编辑都是拥有博士学历，并且有相关专业背景的英语母语专家。每一篇来自中国作者的文章，都会交付到英语母语编辑手中进行修改。

5.论文摘要英文翻译去哪里

写论文摘要时以一般现在时为主。

介绍背景知识时，要用一般现在时，例如： Speech recognition is the task of converting speech into text. 叙述研究现状时，也可以用一般现在时，例如： This essay is to analyse how the era influences corporate cultures, and to give suggestions on the building of corporate cultures. 叙述研究结果时，大多数用一般过去时，例如： Our text achieved the possibility above.。

6.本科生毕业论文的摘要翻译成英文,高悬赏

The level of recycling of construction waste in China today is relatively low. As a consequence, resource wastage and environmental pollution occured. This paper discusses, in detail, the categories, composition and sources of the construction waste. This paper offers insights on both the current state, and the future trend of construction waste recycling in China at both policy-making and technological levels. The aim of the paper is to illustrate the importance and the dire necessity of the nation-wide adaptation of of the "resourcing" of construction waste. By exploring the methods used in "resourcing" both within China and overseas (with waste wood chips and cement as examples), we propose a few feasible suggestions. Via an analytical methodology, including rigorous examination of the estimations of the amount of construction waste produced, we establish several applicable ranges of the various methods of estimation. Based on the analysis of the relationship between quantity of construction waste, and other contributing factors, we propose a formula which forecasts the amount of production based on data input.

我修改了一下几个句子的顺序。专业名词你可能还得校正一下哦：）

7.论文摘要的英文翻译

International trade is an important drive power in the growth and development of national economy. Many countries and regions in the world are developed rapidly on the basis of international trade. In the process of economic development international trade can optimize the combination of production elements and the configuration of economic resources, also can transfer the object form of the commodity and promote the value added, therefore international trade has a special function which other economic department can not replace it. And the degree of dependence on international trade is a criterion to measure the position of international trade in a country' national economy. Generally the higher the degree of dependence on international trade, the greater the national economy depends on international trade, in addition it implies international trade owns more important position in the national economy of that country. With the economic globalization, the proportion of international trade in national economy of all countries in the world is increasing. During 1980~2000, the annual increase speed of global commodity trade volume was up to 6.1%, while the annual increased speed of global economy was 5.4%. According to the calculation of WTO and IMF, the global degree of dependence on international trade was 25.4% in 1960, 27.9 in 1970, 38.7% in 1990, 41.7% in 2000, and in 2003 it was near 45%. As a large developing country in economic transition, China's degree of dependence on international trade is also increasing annually.。

8.毕业论文摘要 英文翻译 急

参考一下，希望能帮到lz Celebrities speak of innovative practices Abstract Among the many stars as spokesmen of the product today, to really the voice of the combination of features and brand image, and maximize, three-dimensional star to tap the value of spokesmen, is not an easy task, not an ad on the tasks to be completed , But a systems engineering. Celebrity is to speak through the voice to use, it runs through the integration of communications activities has become the soul of brand characters, its maximum value for the brand to create more assets. Celebrity ads by the effect of the impact of celebrity credibility, including the attraction of celebrity credibility, professionalism and reliability of three elements, professionalism and reliability of the results of the celebrity ads have a positive impact on the attractiveness of the effect of advertising The impact of celebrity and advertising of goods between the consistency of constraints, celebrity image and the image consistency of goods further explanation of the celebrities have an impact on consumer advertising for the specific process, in the image of celebrity celebrities in advertising and commodity image of the impact of advertising is consistency of results The decisive factor. Use your voice to speak products is a common marketing practices, the use of advertising and consumer advocate as a bridge for communication, not only to consumers quickly recognize products, but also by advertising spokesman for the recommendation and endorsement, enhance brand Identification of and different from other brands of unique, then the advertising effect of upgrading our products and enhance the positive impression on the minds of consumers. In this paper, mainly through the existing method of celebrities speak to an analysis of the current celebrity ads by the use of innovative practices, Li Chu today to welcome and consumer favorite celebrity speak practices, and clearly speak to the attention of celebrity in all its aspects and in the future The celebrities speak in the ad to the attention of the points. Key words: celebrities speak; innovation; advertising; methods。

毕业论文翻译那个软件最好(毕业论文,英文文献翻译,使用什么辅助软件比较好?)

1.毕业论文,英文文献翻译,使用什么辅助软件比较好?

Trados：翻译辅助工具（CAT）领域的老大，部分原因是因为她强大的功能，但成为老大最重要的原因是因为它起步早。

当别的CAT工具如雨后春笋般的出现时，甚至大有青出于蓝而胜于蓝之势，然而Trados 早已占领了最大的市场份额，无人能敌。但是使用它翻译文件的过程中经常会遇到各种问题，有时候导致翻译无法进行，或者翻译完的文件无法导回原来的格式，给翻译和项目经理带来很大不便。

Trados这一名称取自三个英语单词。它们分别是：Translation、document和Software。

其中，在“Translation”中取了"TRA"三个字母，在"document"中取了"do"两个字母，在"Software"中取了“S”一个字母。把这些字母组合起来就是"TRADOS"了。

翻译Word文件时，以依附形势存在，但是它的Tageditor功能十分强大，可以作为翻译绝大多数文件格式的平台。但至于它在2005年6月被SDL 收购的真正原因，至今不得而知。

SDLX：也是不错的翻译工具，功能也很强大，但起步比Trados 晚得多。可以作为翻译所有文件格式的独立平台，原文和译文对称显示，给人感觉很直观，所有操作在一个界面完成，并可以时时察看源文件和目标文件。

功能较Trados 有很多过人之处，但个别地方还有不足，比如只能用MDB格式的TM，文件中的码有时候比较复杂，识别整句能力不强等。在成功收购了Trados之后，如虎添翼，借助Trados的销售网络和名气，顺利开拓自己的市场和知名度，银子大大地有。

2009 年年初推出了SDL Studio 2009，结合了SDLX 和 Trados 优势于一身，具体内容可参考我的另一篇原创。顺便说一句，2009自带的Trados 2007 中的Tageditor 实在是差劲的很，很难想象版本高了，速度反而却慢得要命---打开一个TTX文件有时候甚至需要3-4个小时。

Deja Vu:CAT 领域的后起之秀，有强大的文件处理功能，独立的操作平台，左右对称的直观界面，可以接受TMX格式的TM。最出色的是自带的QA功能，最大的缺点是码多，不太好处理。

好处是准备翻译文件过程简单易学，文件生成速度快，多个文件在一个界面内进行翻译操作，不用担心一致性问题。还有文件导出导入校对功能。

使用时极少出错，这点比Trados强的多。操作界面没有“保存”按钮，因为保存是自动进行的，所以不用担心断电，死机等意外故障。

因为起步太晚，所以功夫比前辈们要高一些，但也因为起步晚，占有的市场份额不大。个人极力推荐使用本软件。

MemoQ：和Deja Vu 十分相像，刚刚起步，个人也试着用过几次，感觉还不错，某些方面比Deja Vu 还要高，但是还是码的问题让人头疼。据说它可以让使用其他CAT工具的用户直接过渡到MemoQ上，没有试过。

Logoport:Lionbridge 的免费产品，嵌入Word工具中，至于它的RTF文件是怎么做出来的，不得而知。它使用在线的TM服务器，可以很多译员同时翻译一个文件，TM时时共享，这和免费使用可以说是Logoport最大的优势，但是因为使用在线的TM，可能是他们服务器在国外的原因，每打开一个翻译单元格，都要花费一两秒钟的时间，译员怨声不断。

初次看到分析出来的Log文件，可能会受到误导，认为那些100%匹配不用翻译，其实Logoport是用本文件将要翻译出来的TM结果分析未曾翻译的文件，乍一看好似很多匹配，实际上都是需要翻译的“新词”，不过，匹配部分算钱的办法还算合理，比Trados匹配部分要高很多。 Wordfast：能和SDL Trados 抗衡的为数不多的CAT 之一，最初的版本和Logoport一样，是嵌入Word中的，但是他不是免费的，翻译的效果和用Trados Workbench翻译出来的东西一样，Unclean 文件的码也十分相近，可以用Trados Clean 或升级TM。

后来2008年年末出的版本就高级多了，也是个独立的平台，PM做出来的文件是TXML格式的，一般需要连接在线的TM才能读出匹配来，所以盗版至今没有发现。 Transit： 据说欧洲语言之间翻译很多用这个工具，我所知道的东方语言只有韩语用过这个工具。

虽然功能也不差，但是操作起来很是麻烦，明显没有其他工具好用，每次看见她都头疼。而且文件只能在PM端生成并导出目标文件。

最近新出了一个NXT版本，不知道用起来会怎么样。 Idiom：是个免费的工具，操作简单易学，翻译界面类似Deja Vu，也有码的问题。

Google 产品的翻译项目指定使用软件（之前是Trados）。发给翻译的文件由客户端制作，最终翻译文件也是在客户端生成。

自身功能强大，不可小视。 Transmate:Transmate系列软件是计算机辅助翻译软件（CAT）工具，由成都优译信息技术有限公司研发，也是目前中国首个自主研发的翻译辅助软件。

其单机版是免费使用，可以提升翻译速度1.32倍，更适合中国人的习惯，更懂中国人。

2.英语翻译 毕业论文摘要用 软件的就算了 拜托啦

As an important index evulating the result of TV broadcast , audience rating plays important role in the development and quality evaluation of programme, it can improve the operating efficiency and standarize the examination more scientifically than before, promote the development of the TV industry, even the further development of the whole industry。

3.论文摘要英语翻译大家都用什么软件

论文摘要英语翻译软件有很多，论文摘要是整篇文章的精华，写好一篇摘要并且准确地翻译好对于论文来说至关重要，但翻译软件只能起辅助作用，其准确率是无法保证的，如果是自己的英语水平不差，又懒得打字，可以借助翻译软件，让其辅助你，但你或许会发现，不借助翻译软件反而可能翻译得更快，或者如果您有熟人正好英语好，可以请他们为您翻译。

如果对自己或熟人没有信心，可以找专业的译者。专业的事情还是要交给专业的人去做，自己则去做自己专业内的事，这样时间才能真正发挥其价值，另外还避免了不必要的担忧，省去了人情方面的负担。

像国际科学编辑就不错，国际科学编辑是最早在中国开展语言编辑服务并提供本地化支持的国际公司。数十年来成功的为众多中国科技工作者发表论文提供语言支持。

国际科学编辑所有的编辑都是拥有博士学历，并且有相关专业背景的英语母语专家。每一篇来自中国作者的文章，都会交付到英语母语编辑手中进行修改。

毕业论文英文摘要是什么(毕业论文的英文摘要~)

1.毕业论文的英文摘要~

The study describes the total course for web shopping. It introduces the develop vironment and tools. It also describes the detail of design idea and design course. After it, for the database create idea and the relationship of them are described. The study tell us how to carry out the function with block picture those clearly show us the design idea, program disign and detail realize.Base on actual requirement, web shopping system designed with block. In the OS of Windows XP, Tomcat5.0 is set up. The program language is JAVA which can realize dynamic and alternating function with WEB servor.The function mainly include goods show, goods buying in interface and goods manage, members manage,class manage, order form manage and so on.The system have below function: At first, the alternating between members and administrator. After it, the manage functions are micromesh especially for class management which make it useful for buniness and fit with electric shopping system develop requiment。

2.毕业论文英文摘要怎么写

Human resource plays the pivotal role in social economy development increasingly. 5P model is regarded as a very important model in human resource management, while it delivers the huge purpose and instant effect. But we have to realize that the application of 5P needs to one environment that cooperation of every department and plan the relevant policies, therefore enterprises utilize 5P model depending on practical situation. This anticle tries to realize the huge effect of 5P model very well through both discussing the content of 5P model and 洛北春酒业集团`s successful experience。

3.英文论文摘要部分怎么写

(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述.无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件. 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容.除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要.此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域. 一、摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同. Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要.文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇.字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）.现在越来越多的用法是 abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词. Summary （概要） 与 abstract 无明显差别.严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述.其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果.在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要（summary）以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜.国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号. 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定. 一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致.对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写. 二、摘要的种类 摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要（Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract），一类是资料性（Informative Abstract）摘要. 1. 说明性摘要 （Descriptive / Indicative Abstract） 如同迈克尔.艾利 （Michael Alley）所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图."从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用.说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息.它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、"…is discussed" 字样.时态多用现在时或现在完成时.其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间.以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文. 2. 资料性摘要 （Informative Abstract） 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等.其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间.根据原文长度，也有多达500字的.通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae. 三、如何写摘要 1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方.如： Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A （标题） Xu Ying （署名） Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) （工作单位） Abstract： （摘要） Key words： （关键词） 2. 写作要点 （1） 长度：有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间；文章长度的五分之一. 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇。

4.毕业论文的英文摘要

Title : on the Improvement of the Crime of Abductingand Trafficking Women or Children abstract: The act of considering human being as commodity has neen continued for a long time both home and abroad. It has become one of the public hazards of wide concern of society to kidnap and sell people. Aithough, our current criminal law provides relevant explanations about kidnapping and selling people, with the development of economy and the widening of the gap between urban and rural areas, it is still common to see cases like trafficing in persons ( men beyond 14 ) involving in heavy labor, selling children and kidnapping and selling bisexual persons. After making specific analyse of legislative procedure about kidnapping and selling crime of criminal law, we discover that there lie weakness and flaws in the regulations and legislative level concerning the crime of kidnapping and selling people and the situation needs to be improved. I think the explanations on the crimals who conduct abducting and trafficking women or children are so limited and not as comprehensive as crime of abducting and selling people. I hope the constituent can redefine the accusation of the crime of abducting and selling people and briding the abducted and meanwhile, introduce new standards for crime, taking, any acts against victims as one of the conditions violating law so that all except children can receive proper protection and judicial organizatons are able to combat and control all kinds of criminal activities. Key words : crime of kidnapping and sellin women or children ; criminal objects; abducting and selling people; flaws; improvement :。

5.英语论文摘要

seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work.

the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.

The old saying: “When in Rome, do as the Romans” is not sufficient for bridging the communication gap and cultural differences between China and the western countries.What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, geographical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. When exploring the differences in communication manners and customs, we set them mainly into three parts: manner and culture; communication manner and table manner. Considering the roots of these differents, histirical and regional causes might took the significant places. Therefore, a cross culture environment and a cross culture mind do lead to the better understanding in today's communication.

done. run your spell check please. I didn't pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.

good luck and best wishes.

6.毕业论文中英文摘要

Pick toOur enterprise capital operation, although in recent years starting late, but with the rapid development of capital operation in developed countries has a certain disparity of capital operation, know enough clear now, capital operation has become the enterprise management is very important part, in order to make our enterprise in the economic globalization competition of enterprises to grow, capital operation research is very important.The trend in the world economy, China's capital operation mode in the unceasing development, presents many new features, capital operation, technology and network services to become mergers and intermediary organizations, industrial capital and capital to form new financial capital, foreign capital operation develops rapidly, human capital becomes hot, etc. But after China's entry into WTO, further accelerate the pace of reform and opening up, the enterprise capital operation are confronted with many problems and challenges: operation concept distortion and raise efficiency is low, the investment capital, talent and main fuzzy intermediary organization is not perfect, foreign capital operation, the capital market development shortage of congenital malnutrition, government intervention, inefficient behavior, etc. In the economic globalization today, as our enterprise management is an important aspect of the operation, the enterprise must further accelerate the pace of technological innovation, the correct decision on strengthening investment and financing constraints, pay attention to the capital operation mechanism innovation, also the government should also improve the corresponding laws and regulations, and perfect social security system, regulating the capital market, only such enterprises in our country will be healthy development.Key words: shut capital, capital operation, the enterprise, the operation efficiency。

毕业论文如何书写英文摘要(论文摘要英文怎么写：)

1.论文摘要英文怎么写：

Paper-cutting as a traditional Chinese folk art has been more than 3,000 years of history. It is an important part of Chinese culture, Chinese paper-cutting art of superb, with very high artistic quality, practical and decorative. Author of many, many functions, spread wide, deep, value of the influence of large, are other types of art difficult to compare. So it is also one of the important task of research on modern graphic design. This article by introducing Chinese folk paper-cut art and its characteristics, exploring their applications in graphic design。

2.毕业论文英文摘要怎么写

Clear in recent years new types of insecticides on control effect of rice leaf roller in the territory in lujiang County 2010 field to spray pesticide law on 3 kinds of new insecticide for the control of single cropping Rice in five (five), field test of rice leaf roller. Test results indicates that, 97% acetyl methyl amine phosphorus DF on rice longitudinal volume leaves borer has better of volume leaves anti-effect and insecticidal effect, each 667m2 medication volume 60g, and 90g, effects drug Hou 7d of volume leaves anti-effect and insecticidal anti-effect respectively reached 67.5% and 80% above, but effects drug Hou 11d of volume leaves anti-effect and insecticidal anti-effect respectively only up 51.8% and 63.1% above, below each 667m2 with 48% music Republika this EC100ml anti-effect, but are than each 667m2 with 20% acetyl methyl amine phosphorus EC150ml anti-effect. The safety of chemicals on rice growth, large-area application is recommended for 60-90g/667m2, if the rice leaf roller heavy, peak times occur, taking into account the efficacy of its period is not long, once every 7-10d spraying, and appropriately increase the dosage suitable spraying time to master at the peak of cnaphalocrocis medinalis larvae.。

3.英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写

论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为日的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。

摘要由目的、方法、结果和结论四部分组成。目的部分应简要说明研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围及重要性；方法部分应说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分组对照，研究范围以及精确程度，数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理；结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，说明其价值及局限，叙述要具体、准确，并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显著性检验的确切值；结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值，是否值得推荐或推广等。

说白了，摘要就是你文章的骨架。

告诉你一个懒人的办法：第一句写目的，也就是你这篇文章要解决的问题和提出这个问题的原因，然后是“本文通过……的方法，阐述了……，论证了……，得出了……。”记得摘要最好300-500字左右为宜，不宜过长。

4.如何写好英文论文摘要

英文论文选题：英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。

英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。

但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。

在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。

这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论，一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。

这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。

应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。

在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。

翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。

相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。

英语专业毕业论文格式要求：学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。前置1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。

2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3.中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。

为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。

外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文（Body）、结论（Conclusion）、参考文献（Bibliography）。

主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1.引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。

2.正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。

要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。

正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“.”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。3.结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。

4.参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。5.文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。

若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。

正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。

5.英语论文摘要应该如何写

根据学术堂的了解，摘要的好坏直接影响读者对论文的阅读，影响着论文被关注和利用的程度，对于英语论文一样也是如此。

我们要想通过高质量的英语论文摘要成功架起沟通作者和读者的桥梁，就必须重视摘要的编写，掌握撰写英语论文摘要的方法。好的英语论文摘要可以吸引读者，使读者在极短的时间内了解论文的主要内容和研究的整体情况。

那么标准英语论文摘要怎么写呢？下面来给大家一一介绍： 英语论文摘要写作须知： 一、写作模式 英文摘要语篇结构固定，内容完整。英文摘要的篇章结构通常涉及主题句、拓展句和结论句三部分 ， 涵盖了研究的背景、目的和范围，研究的方法、手段或步骤，研究的结果，研究得出的主要结论或建议四个方面。

由于摘要字数有限，所以研究的背景、目的和范围可省略，写作的重点放在后三个方面。 二、主要时态 论文摘要的时态基本上有两种 ： 一般现在时、一般过去时。

由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时，摘要也多用一般现在时。目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时，背景介绍常采用一般过去时。

一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作，也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。 三、语态与人称 主张多采用被动语态。

因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者，避免出现 “WE”表示方式，而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位，有利于说明事实。英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态，可以避免提及有关执行者， 使行文显得客观。

同时，被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地， 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段， 扩展名词短语，扩大句子信息量。但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练。

四、四大方面 根据《EI》的要求 ， 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下 4 个方面的问题：1) what you want to do（目的），2)How you did it （方法） ，3) What result didi you get and what conclusions can you draw （ 结果和结论 ）； 4) What is original in your paper （ 创新独到之处 ） 。 英语论文摘要常见问题： 一、摘要过于简单，信息量不足，不能反映出论文的主要内容； 二、摘要不能确切地表达论文的主要内容，甚至词不达意； 三、摘要中出现了对论文内容的评论。

凡此种种，都直接影响了英语论文摘要的质量，也影响了论文的整体水平。 英语论文摘要注意事项： 一、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。

为此，英文摘要应重点包括4个要素，即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。在这4个要素中，后2个是最重要的。

在执行上述原则时，有些情况下，英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围，以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。 二、英文摘要句型力求简单，通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。

三、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容，也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论，不得简单重复题名中已有的信息；不用非公知公用的符号和术语，不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文，缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明；科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位，正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。 四、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，以提供论文内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。

通过以上分析之后，相信大家现在能清楚地把握如何撰写一篇英语论文的摘要。英语论文摘要在论文中起到至关重要的作用，它通过对研究论文内容简要、准确而不加任何注释或评论的概括性陈述，以架起了读者和作者之间最快速的沟通桥梁。

我们要写好英语论文摘要，让读者在极短的时间内了解论文的概貌和价值所在。

6.英文论文摘要部分怎么写

(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述.无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件. 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容.除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要.此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域. 一、摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同. Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要.文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇.字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）.现在越来越多的用法是 abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词. Summary （概要） 与 abstract 无明显差别.严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述.其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果.在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要（summary）以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜.国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号. 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定. 一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致.对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写. 二、摘要的种类 摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要（Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract），一类是资料性（Informative Abstract）摘要. 1. 说明性摘要 （Descriptive / Indicative Abstract） 如同迈克尔.艾利 （Michael Alley）所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图."从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用.说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息.它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、"…is discussed" 字样.时态多用现在时或现在完成时.其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间.以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文. 2. 资料性摘要 （Informative Abstract） 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等.其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间.根据原文长度，也有多达500字的.通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae. 三、如何写摘要 1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方.如： Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A （标题） Xu Ying （署名） Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) （工作单位） Abstract： （摘要） Key words： （关键词） 2. 写作要点 （1） 长度：有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间；文章长度的五分之一. 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇。

7.论文英文摘要怎么写

Non steady state method for determination of thermal properties of materials has become the main means, transient plane heat source method has short test time, can obtain a plurality of thermal parameters and other prominent features. In this paper, transient plane heat source method for measuring thermal conductivity of insulation materials carries out the theoretical analysis and testing technology research.This paper derives the transient plane heat source method for ideal test model of thermal parameters, sensitivity analysis, according to the parameters of sensitivity to determine their estimates of the likelihood of, according to the theoretical model to calculate the physical parameters of the theoretical value, in order to test the improved Gauss method to estimate the parameters of the feasibility and accuracy of. Sensitivity analysis shows that by the heating surface temperature rise curve can be determined by the material heat storage coefficient, temperature rise curve within the specimen can be estimated at the same time heat conduction coefficient and thermal diffusion coefficient.Carry out 3D simulation, verified the system satisfies the one-dimensional heat transfer hypothesis, the test sample in the Z direction to meet the semi-infinite hypothesis, and the initial temperature non uniformity and environmental temperature were made by ANSYS numerical simulation, and the simulation results by the method of parameter estimation of thermal conductivity and the obtained theoretical model comparison, thereby to judge error.Developed insulation material Transient plane heat source method for thermal conductivity test technology standards, including the method principle, device, selection of heating power, sample size design and effective testing time.。

8.如何写好英文论文摘要

英文论文选题：英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。

英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。

但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。

在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。

这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论，一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。

这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。

应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。

在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。

翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。

相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。

英语专业毕业论文格式要求：学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。前置1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。

2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3.中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。

为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。

外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文（Body）、结论（Conclusion）、参考文献（Bibliography）。

主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1.引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。

2.正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。

要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。

正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“.”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。3.结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。

4.参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。5.文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。

若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。

正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。

9.毕业论文英文摘要怎么写啊

With the rapid and steady growth of China 's market economy , the gradual improvement of the economic system , the development of small and medium-sized enterprises has been more and more attention . Although the status of these years, small and medium enterprises in the national economy has made great progress , but there are still many problems , especially financing problems greatly impede the development of small and medium enterprises , to become a "bottleneck " in their development .SMEs as an important part of the GDP , the role and status in the economic and social development in the growing small and medium enterprises has become China's economic growth , market prosperity , technological innovation and the expansion of employment , an important foundation for its flexible operation mechanisms and market adaptability has become an important driving force for China 's reform, economic development , social harmony , and opening up to the outside world 。

毕业论文英文摘要的格式(论文摘要英文怎么写：)

1.论文摘要英文怎么写：

Paper-cutting as a traditional Chinese folk art has been more than 3,000 years of history. It is an important part of Chinese culture, Chinese paper-cutting art of superb, with very high artistic quality, practical and decorative. Author of many, many functions, spread wide, deep, value of the influence of large, are other types of art difficult to compare. So it is also one of the important task of research on modern graphic design. This article by introducing Chinese folk paper-cut art and its characteristics, exploring their applications in graphic design。

2.英语论文摘要应该如何写

根据学术堂的了解，摘要的好坏直接影响读者对论文的阅读，影响着论文被关注和利用的程度，对于英语论文一样也是如此。

我们要想通过高质量的英语论文摘要成功架起沟通作者和读者的桥梁，就必须重视摘要的编写，掌握撰写英语论文摘要的方法。好的英语论文摘要可以吸引读者，使读者在极短的时间内了解论文的主要内容和研究的整体情况。

那么标准英语论文摘要怎么写呢？下面来给大家一一介绍： 英语论文摘要写作须知： 一、写作模式 英文摘要语篇结构固定，内容完整。英文摘要的篇章结构通常涉及主题句、拓展句和结论句三部分 ， 涵盖了研究的背景、目的和范围，研究的方法、手段或步骤，研究的结果，研究得出的主要结论或建议四个方面。

由于摘要字数有限，所以研究的背景、目的和范围可省略，写作的重点放在后三个方面。 二、主要时态 论文摘要的时态基本上有两种 ： 一般现在时、一般过去时。

由于学术论文写作通常采用一般现在时，摘要也多用一般现在时。目的、方法、结果及结论部分多用一般现在时，背景介绍常采用一般过去时。

一般现在时用于描述研究目的和范围、研究内容、结果和结论一般过去时用于描述论文撰写前作者已做的工作，也可用于表示转述已发表文献的报导、讨论和研究内容。 三、语态与人称 主张多采用被动语态。

因为使用被动语态不仅可以省略施动者，避免出现 “WE”表示方式，而且还可以使需强调的事物做主语而突出了它们的地位，有利于说明事实。英文摘要往往采用第三人称的被动语态，可以避免提及有关执行者， 使行文显得客观。

同时，被动语态句子在结构上有较大的调节余地， 有利于使用恰当的修辞手段， 扩展名词短语，扩大句子信息量。但有时采用主动语态比用被动语态在结构上更简练。

四、四大方面 根据《EI》的要求 ， 一篇较好的英文摘要应较好地回答以下 4 个方面的问题：1) what you want to do（目的），2)How you did it （方法） ，3) What result didi you get and what conclusions can you draw （ 结果和结论 ）； 4) What is original in your paper （ 创新独到之处 ） 。 英语论文摘要常见问题： 一、摘要过于简单，信息量不足，不能反映出论文的主要内容； 二、摘要不能确切地表达论文的主要内容，甚至词不达意； 三、摘要中出现了对论文内容的评论。

凡此种种，都直接影响了英语论文摘要的质量，也影响了论文的整体水平。 英语论文摘要注意事项： 一、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。

为此，英文摘要应重点包括4个要素，即研究目的、方法、结果、结论。在这4个要素中，后2个是最重要的。

在执行上述原则时，有些情况下，英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围，以及具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。 二、英文摘要句型力求简单，通常有10个意义完整语句顺畅的句子。

三、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容，也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论，不得简单重复题名中已有的信息；不用非公知公用的符号和术语，不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文，缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明；科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位，正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于英文摘用的编写。 四、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，以提供论文内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地阐述论文重要内容的短文。

通过以上分析之后，相信大家现在能清楚地把握如何撰写一篇英语论文的摘要。英语论文摘要在论文中起到至关重要的作用，它通过对研究论文内容简要、准确而不加任何注释或评论的概括性陈述，以架起了读者和作者之间最快速的沟通桥梁。

我们要写好英语论文摘要，让读者在极短的时间内了解论文的概貌和价值所在。

3.英文论文摘要部分怎么写

(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述.无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件. 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容.除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要.此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域. 一、摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同. Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要.文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇.字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）.现在越来越多的用法是 abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词. Summary （概要） 与 abstract 无明显差别.严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述.其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果.在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要（summary）以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜.国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号. 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定. 一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致.对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写. 二、摘要的种类 摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要（Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract），一类是资料性（Informative Abstract）摘要. 1. 说明性摘要 （Descriptive / Indicative Abstract） 如同迈克尔.艾利 （Michael Alley）所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图."从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用.说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息.它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、"…is discussed" 字样.时态多用现在时或现在完成时.其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间.以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文. 2. 资料性摘要 （Informative Abstract） 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等.其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间.根据原文长度，也有多达500字的.通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae. 三、如何写摘要 1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方.如： Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A （标题） Xu Ying （署名） Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) （工作单位） Abstract： （摘要） Key words： （关键词） 2. 写作要点 （1） 长度：有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间；文章长度的五分之一. 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇。

4.摘要格式

论文的摘要一般在一百到两百字左右，大论文（如四五万字的毕业论文）也可一页（七八百字）左右，要说明论文针对解决什么问题（即意义）、方法、如有实验则说明实验基本方法，研究的条件下所得出的一个至几个结论，最后一句总结结论在给定适用范围下的结论和推广意义。

比如，某条件下的某事情很重要，然而对某条件下的某参数的测定准确度不高，本文通过某方式在某条件下测得某结果，准确度达到多少，在某限定范围内，本方法可以有何种效果。 关键词一定是实词，一般是用来概括你的论文所涉及的一至多个领域，以及你认为重要的研究方法。

比如，一篇关于水处理的论文关键词可以是：饮用水、紫外消毒、有机物，这就可以了，当然具体的用词涉及到你的论文内容。

5.论文英文摘要怎么写

For the violation of legitimate rights and interests of consumers a variety of offenses, how to provide for the corresponding legal responsibilities and how the legal liability system reflected the special protection of consumers should be "Consumer Protection Law" key solved a legal issue. To solve this legal problem, it is necessary to further establish a regulated market operating order to protect legitimate interests of consumers and improving the legal liability system. On the one hand is to establish a legal system the concept of protection of consumers; the other hand, is to improve consumer protection legal liability system.。

6.中英文摘要怎么写规范

根据学术堂的了解，中英文摘要写作规范主要为下面五点： 1、简洁.摘要一般要有中文摘要和与之对应的外文摘要.中文摘要一般不宜超过200-300字（如遇特殊需要字数可以略多）；外文摘要不宜超过250个实词，所以摘要要排除相关学科领域内常识性的内容，要力避引证和举例，要准确使用名词术语、恰当使用缩略语等. 2、完整.摘要应具有独立性和自含性，即摘要本身有论点、有论据、有结论，合乎逻辑，是一篇结构完整的短文，读者不读论文全文、仅读摘仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论. 3、准确.摘要的内容与论文的内容要对应、相称，不要在摘要中传达论文未涉及的信息，也不要让摘要丢失论文的重要内容，以保证摘要准确无误地传达论文的主旨. 4、平实.摘要无需对论文进行评价，尤其不能对论文进行拔高评价，如"本文超越前人的研究""本文全面论述了这一问题"之类的话语就不能出现在摘要中，因为对论文的评价不是由摘要说了算的.故摘要的主语不能是"本文""该文""本文作者""笔者"之类，而应以论文研究的对象为主语，如论文研究的对象是"素质教育"，那么摘要的主语就首选"素质教育". 5、求新.摘要应将论文中原创的、最具新意的部分凸现出来，论文有什么新观点、用了什么新论据、采用了哪些新的研究方法、得出了什么新结论等要在摘要中着重反映出来，因为人们判断一篇论文是否有价值主要就是依据论文是否提供了什么新东西。

7.如何写好英文论文摘要

英文论文选题：英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。

英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。

但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。

在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。

这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论，一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。

这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。

应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。

在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。

翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。

相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。

英语专业毕业论文格式要求：学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。前置1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。

2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3.中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。

为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。

外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文（Body）、结论（Conclusion）、参考文献（Bibliography）。

主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1.引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。

2.正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。

要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。

正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“.”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。3.结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。

4.参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。5.文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。

若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。

正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。

8.毕业论文摘要英文

Nowadays, our domestic private enterprises have developed, and successively emerge a number of large and medium-sized private enterprise with abundant strength, and private enterprises in absorbing employment personnel, increase the fiscal revenue plays an increasingly important role. At present, however, the overall competitiveness of domestic enterprises is weak, plus a foreign-capital enterprise after China's entry into wto, China's entering domestic enterprises, especially private enterprises are faced with severe tests. How to improve the private enterprise of domestic enterprises, especially the synthesis competitive ability, the dilemma that has become a top priority. Now a general consensus of enterprises, the competition between enterprises is essentially the enterprise brand competition, promote enterprise's brand value, completes the brand strategy to improve the competitiveness of enterprises is one of the essential factors.Based on the combination of theory with case analysis method, different from the Angle of private enterprise of brand positioning and brand strategy, analyzes the problems faced by private enterprise of the form and the problems and solutions, and ultimately selected for different levels of strategy, and then give the private enterprise strategy of brand positioning and the research provides a reference.The letter divides into three parts, the first part of this enterprise and brand strategy: the second part of a concrete analysis of private enterprise and brand strategy: the third part of the above problems are summarized and realistic meaning of the comments and Suggestions.。

9.毕业论文英文摘要怎么写

Human resource plays the pivotal role in social economy development increasingly. 5P model is regarded as a very important model in human resource management, while it delivers the huge purpose and instant effect. But we have to realize that the application of 5P needs to one environment that cooperation of every department and plan the relevant policies, therefore enterprises utilize 5P model depending on practical situation. This anticle tries to realize the huge effect of 5P model very well through both discussing the content of 5P model and 洛北春酒业集团`s successful experience。

毕业论文英文部分摘要(英文论文摘要部分怎么写)

1.英文论文摘要部分怎么写

(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述.无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件. 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容.除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要.此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域. 一、摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同. Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要.文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇.字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）.现在越来越多的用法是 abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词. Summary （概要） 与 abstract 无明显差别.严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述.其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果.在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分. Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长.美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要（summary）以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜.国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号. 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定. 一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致.对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写. 二、摘要的种类 摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要（Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract），一类是资料性（Informative Abstract）摘要. 1. 说明性摘要 （Descriptive / Indicative Abstract） 如同迈克尔.艾利 （Michael Alley）所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图."从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用.说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息.它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、"…is discussed" 字样.时态多用现在时或现在完成时.其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间.以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文. 2. 资料性摘要 （Informative Abstract） 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等.其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间.根据原文长度，也有多达500字的.通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文. Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies, mosquitoes and rats, and by killing their adult forms. The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter, and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools, or spraying them with oil. For rats, only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are valuable. Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of poisons. Screens are used for insects. Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito larvae. 三、如何写摘要 1. 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方.如： Cultural Differences Between China and U.S.A （标题） Xu Ying （署名） Hunan University (Changsha, Hunan, 410082) （工作单位） Abstract： （摘要） Key words： （关键词） 2. 写作要点 （1） 长度：有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间；文章长度的五分之一. 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇。

2.毕业论文英文摘要翻译

[abstract] This is Changsha YuanGe residential area design， 【construction's long, wide】，（不知道是你写的不全还是怎么，有点不通，如果你要加数字，就用the length of construction is。the width of construction is。） a total of 12 layer, total building area is。, building height of principal part is。. Design content mainly includes the architectural design and structural design .

The part of architectural design Including the overall layout,the plane and vertical transportation, and the requirements of fire prevention and evacuation. Design mainly include

planar configuration, elevation and profile design and fire protection and evacuation design, etc., follow the principle of "safty,availability,economy,aesthetics" , satisfy people's demand for residential use function and aesthetic.

Design structure using short-leg

shear wall system, to adapt to the new housing concept of people. Combining with hand calculation and PKPM computing , including load calculation (gravity load, wind load),shear walls and floor slabs, the design calculation of beam and reinforcement.

Key words: short-leg shear wall; High-rise residential; The structure design

本人CET-6水平，纯手工翻译，除查询专业单词外，绝没使用软件，耗时20分钟，还望采纳。希望你论文获得成功。

3.本科毕业论文查重时英文摘要部分算在内吗

本科毕业论文查重时英文摘要部分算在内吗？摘要当然是需要查重的，不仅中文摘要需要检测，英文摘要也是需要检测的，论文摘要是论文中的精华，为了保证论文的完整性，我们在提交论文进行查重的时候，需要将摘要也提交到论文查重系统之中。

摘要是对全文的总体概括，使读者对论文有一个大概的认识，所以摘要在论文中起着非常重要的作用。论文中的中英文摘要都包括在论文查重的范围之内，为防止摘要影响论文整体的重复率，摘要的格式一定要正确，并使用用自己的语言描述，查重时，学校一般都是要求大家提交摘要、目录、正文、致谢及参考文献等内容进行查重检测。

知网会根据您提交的目录，对文章进行章节检测，前提格式必须正确。

4.求毕业论文英文摘要

The new economic era, known as the corporate image of the human, material and financial resources beyond the "fourth resource", the competition among the enterprises of products from the local competition, price competition, resource competition, competition for talent, technology to the development of competition The integrity of corporate competition, that is, the image of competition. Create good corporate image, not only a modern market economy is an inevitable trend of development, but also enterprises face the increasingly fierce market competition and the success of winning a major magic weapon. For large enterprises, corporate image planning has been relatively mature. While many small and medium enterprises because the road taken the low-cost, how cost-competitive promotion to the quality of competition, and even brand competition, or unable, based on this understanding of SMEs, from corporate image recognition system in the concept of identification system Behavior recognition system, visual recognition systems of the three constituent elements of perspective, the current image of the planning for SMEs on the existence of several major problems, propose solutions to the measures, so that small and medium enterprises based on domestic and international trend of a number of simple Discussion.。

5.毕业设计英文摘要

The spinal column reconstruction in the interspinal implants in thing X-stop finite element analysis application Abstract along with people age unceasing growth, between awl in plate the nucleus pulposus gradually will start to degenerate withered, causes between the awl plate thickness to reduce, will then create the yellow ligament and the small surface joint is large, will initiate the so-called lumbar vertebra narrow sickness, will cause the body to have the nerve intermittent slope good symptom. Solves this symptom method to divide into the surgery and the non-surgery treats, the non-surgery treats for example the physical property treatment and the pharmacological treatment, the effect is not often good, the surgery treats may divide into the traditional surgery and micro creates the surgery two kinds, the traditional surgery method is in the lumbar vertebra fusion the pexia, although this method excised has created the lumbar vertebra narrow yellow ligament and the small surface joint, but the surgery time was long, the wound was big as well as although the lumbar vertebra fusion and fixed has removed the pathological change stage abnormal movement, but the neighbor stage's abnormal movement increased, between the awl in plate's pressure elevated obviously, the small articular process exceptionally drew back changes with the fixed stage bone quantityThe loss, causes the fixed stage vertical motion stage to draw back changes ASD[1], but new micro creates the surgery is opens a small wound in the back, and implants the interspinal to open, then solution lumbar vertebra narrow sickness question. this article uses the model is lumbar vertebra L3~L4, as well as the interspinal implants thing X-STOP. The analysis method is carries on the finite element grid division to X-STOP, under exerts the restraint and the load in above, calculates the restraining stress, thus judges this interspinal to open whether to have the obvious effect. key word: The lumbar vertebra, the spinous process, between the keel the ligament, the interspinal opens X-STOP, the finite element analysis。

6.毕业论文英文摘要

AbstractThe core competitiveness of enterprises is the basis of the sustainable development of enterprise and the source of competitive advatages. As a growth point of China's national economy, Real Estate directly affects the national economic development and the people's livelihood. Therefore, the construction of real estate enterprises'core competitive ability should be paid profound attention.Depending on a combination of core competence theory, this paper is in view of the status quo of the estate enterprise'core competitive ability in China,then combines the author's opinion under the help of the related books,documents and the teacher, and finally turn out the means of the construction of enterprises'core competitive ability .KeywordsThe Core Competiveness of Enterprises Brand Strategy Enterpise Culture。

7.求毕业论文的英文摘要

The filling pile department is refers to, in the project scene through the mechanical drill hole, the steel pipe pushes methods and so on earth or manpower excavation forms the pile hole in the foundation soil, and lays aside the pile which in among them the reinforcing cage, the irrigation concretes make, according to becomes the hole method to be different, the filling pile may divide into the settling tube filling pile, the drill hole filling pile and digs the hole filling pile and so on several kinds.Drills a hole the filling pile is according to becomes one kind of pile which the pile method classification defines. The filling pile earliest more than 100 year ago in 1893, because of the industry development as well as the population growth, the high-rise construction increased unceasingly, but because many city's ground conditions were quite bad, could not withstand the pressure which directly transmitted by the high-rise construction, the surface following has the thickness very big soft soil or the medium intensity clay level, the construction high-rise construction like still continued to use the friction pile which at that time used in common, had the very big subsidence inevitably. Therefore engineers used for reference have dug a well the technical invention to dig in the hole to construct the reinforced concrete artificially to become the pile. Therefore afterward 50 years later, namely developed in the early-1940s along with the high efficiency drill hole machines and tools first is published successfully in the US, after World War II, the world was specially the European and American developed country economic resurgence and the development, at this point, changes with each new day along with the science and technology the development, drilled a hole the filling pile in high-level, in the ultrahigh layer building and the heavy construction is widely applied. Certainly, in our country, drilled a hole the filling pile design and the construction level also obtained the considerable development.。

8.英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写

论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为日的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。

摘要由目的、方法、结果和结论四部分组成。目的部分应简要说明研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围及重要性；方法部分应说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分组对照，研究范围以及精确程度，数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理；结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，说明其价值及局限，叙述要具体、准确，并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显著性检验的确切值；结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值，是否值得推荐或推广等。

说白了，摘要就是你文章的骨架。

告诉你一个懒人的办法：第一句写目的，也就是你这篇文章要解决的问题和提出这个问题的原因，然后是“本文通过……的方法，阐述了……，论证了……，得出了……。”记得摘要最好300-500字左右为宜，不宜过长。

毕业论文的英文摘要很重要(求翻译毕业论文英文摘要)

1.求翻译毕业论文英文摘要

female college students' sex discrimination in employment

For example, in zhangzhou grader

With the popularization of higher education in China, the enrollment scale constantly advancing gradually expanding enrolment expansion of the accumulative effect produced gradually released. The contradiction between supply and demand of tension that college graduates' employment problem increasingly, while the female university students' employment is even more. Discussion and analysis of female college students sex discrimination in employment is not only the female college students to answer why the problem of employment, and to create gender equality employment environment, construct advanced gender culture has important significance. This through the questionnaire survey about college female university students' comparation ete., and focuses on the employment situation of employment discrimination to study.

Keywords: female college students, Employment, Sex discrimination

2.将下面的汉语翻译成英语下,拒绝翻译器

Web postings started advertising is in recent years by the Internet started and debut a new Internet advertising forms. Though. At present people to post advertisement still lack system, scientific understanding, but it is not with an overwhelming momentum in the Internet demonstrate its unique marketing ability and advertising influence. This paper from the network marketing and information dissemination of web postings aspects of the new advertising styles do advertising deeper exploration of and understanding, using the quantitative and qualitative methods for web postings, and combining the practice of advertising for scientific research communication effect. 这是我译的你看一下吧。

3.求英语高手英译中几句话,这是毕业论文摘要,很重要,用翻译软件的

This creation depicts a pursuit of a dream scenario. The upraised arm, back on the face, a stern look, all interpretation of the images of subject's desire to dream and hope. A white butterfly dancing symbolizes purity is floating, the misty dream, to create a dreamy sense of reality. Everyone has or ever have dreams, that strong desire like a invisible wound in our heart all the line. Maybe our initial dream will gradually become blurred, but it always lurking in our heart, come when you least expect them to give us strength. The purpose of this work lies in the fact that I wrote to remind yourself and viewers kept up a positive mental attitude, adhere to and pursuit of the bottom of my heart the most beautiful and pure "dream".。

4.求大神帮忙翻译

Children's literature and language learning in primary schools belonging to the same group, closely related to both. Curriculum reform, numerous articles featured in children's literature in Chinese textbooks for primary schools, and from this has been widespread concern in the education sector. As a bridge of communication between teacher and student, children's literature can help teachers better grasp the psychology of children, so as to better teaching and learning activities. This article from the viewpoint of textbooks, teachers ' and students ' three-pronged simple analyses of the status and role of children's literature in the Chinese language teaching in primary schools, to primary school teachers to very high their quality children's literature, more emphasis on children's literature。

5.哪位高手帮我翻译一下~~毕业论文的摘要,很重要

看来还得哥来，看看怎么样？？？Port logistics is a new term in recent years appeared frequently in the academic study and all kinds of media. Since the 1980s, the pace of global economic integration accelerated the development of modern science and technology and the rise of the network economy, a higher demand for transportation, it requires to achieve in order to meet customer needs as a starting point, from start to finish of the process of inventory of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and the effective flow of information and storage full service, port function from a single freight production to integrated logistics brings together, from the traditional cargo flow, business flow, financial flow, flow, information flow fully large circulation, the mode of transport from the travel dress to the combined transport from the traditional loading and unloading process to changes in the international container door to door multimodal transport as the main feature of modern modes of transport and port logistics activity truly mature development. The basic situation of the papers from Caofeidian port start Caofeidian port of origin of the advantages of the port, which restricts its development factors, and focus on analysis of the port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Hong Kong Logistics Development mode, draw on the model of development of the Port of Rotterdam Caofeidian the development of port logistics strategy.。

6.跪求 帮忙翻译下 本人毕业论文的摘要 很重要 谢谢

As the most important part of the engine, cooling system of the engine will directly influence performance of the engine. When the engine works, the temperature of parts touching with burning gas in high temperature rises due to being heated. If parts don't be cooled down properly, internal-combustion engine will overheat, the inflatable coefficient will decline, combustion will be abnormal, the engine oil will deteriorate and be burnt out, the friction and wear of parts will intensifies, power consumption of diesel engine will increases, the surface of parts will be burnt out, which will bring overall deterioration of dynamic property, economical efficiency, reliability and durability about internal-combustion engine, and cause diesel engine not to work. For this reason, this paper aims at the design requirements of cooling system about diesel engine in 135 series, analyzes cooling system of diesel engine in 6135, referring to cooling system structure of current diesel engine. Keywords: diesel engine, cooling system, cooling fluid。

7.为什么论文要写英文摘要

一般来说工科论文一般都要 有英文摘要。

因为中国的工科学术落后于西方 用英语一旦发表就可以让他人检索到 ，可以与西方相应国家的相关技术有可比性，分出孰优孰劣，有利于自己论文的修改和提高。同时我国正全面进行小康社会的建设，改革开放是一个必要渠道，学术上的交流更突出其重要性。因此通过英文摘要，可以为中西方的学术交流提供了一个便利平台。从上面意义上说，要求在论文中写英语摘要就是用心良苦的一件事了！您说呢？！回答：2008-04-08 21:53

8.本科毕业论文需要英文摘要吗

本科毕业论文需要英文摘要，一般中文与英文并存。

论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。 中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。

除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页（页上无正文）之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前，与关键字置于上下。

扩展资料： 毕业论文撰写意义： 1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。

申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。可以这么说，毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。

毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有分量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。 一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。

但是，实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。 2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。

党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。

3、提高大学生的写作水平是社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要。在新的历史时期，无论是提高全族的科学文化水平，掌握现代科技知识和科学管理方法，还是培养社会主义新人，都要求我们的干部具有较高的写作能力。

在经济建设中，作为领导人员和机关的办事人员，要写指示、通知、总结、调查报告等应用文；要写说明书、广告、解说词等说明文；还要写科学论文、经济评论等议论文。 在当今信息社会中，信息对于加快经济发展速度，取得良好的经济效益发挥着愈来愈大的作用。

写作是以语言文字为信号，是传达信息的方式。信息的来源、信息的收集、信息的储存、整理、传播等等都离不开写作。

参考资料来源：百度百科——论文摘要 参考资料来源：百度百科——毕业论文。

毕业论文的英文是翻译摘要还是引言(本科论文英文摘要怎么翻译)

1.本科论文英文摘要怎么翻译

用谷歌翻译或是有道在线翻译，都行。

1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）

3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。

5、论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义， 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证与步骤； d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是： （1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。 （2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

2.本科毕业论文需要英文摘要吗

本科毕业论文需要英文摘要，一般中文与英文并存。

论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。 中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。

除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页（页上无正文）之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前，与关键字置于上下。

扩展资料： 毕业论文撰写意义： 1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。

申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。可以这么说，毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。

毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有分量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。 一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。

但是，实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。 2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。

党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。

3、提高大学生的写作水平是社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要。在新的历史时期，无论是提高全族的科学文化水平，掌握现代科技知识和科学管理方法，还是培养社会主义新人，都要求我们的干部具有较高的写作能力。

在经济建设中，作为领导人员和机关的办事人员，要写指示、通知、总结、调查报告等应用文；要写说明书、广告、解说词等说明文；还要写科学论文、经济评论等议论文。 在当今信息社会中，信息对于加快经济发展速度，取得良好的经济效益发挥着愈来愈大的作用。

写作是以语言文字为信号，是传达信息的方式。信息的来源、信息的收集、信息的储存、整理、传播等等都离不开写作。

参考资料来源：百度百科——论文摘要 参考资料来源：百度百科——毕业论文。

3dmax毕业论文英文摘要

1.3DMAX毕业论文

基于3D MAX的建模方法 〔 作者：Admin 来源：博景源 点击数：1 更新时间：2007-3-17 〕 摘 要 计算机动画在教学领域的应用是这几年开始的，主要用于辅助教学和辅助训练，可提高学生的感性认识，使枯燥乏味的教学寓于生动、有趣的动画之中。

尤其在自学与教学领域的应用，由于现在的一些课程太复杂，抽象，无法向同学演示，这对于学习者还是教育者都是个问题，网络教学，计算机动画用于辅助教学和辅助训练适时解决了这个问题，应用三维建模，将无法带到课堂的训练，演示用计算机实现。在课上老师可以形象教学，将难以理解的课程变的简单，课下同学可以将自己理解不好的地方反复听，反复理解便于复习，牢固掌握，提高学习效率。

本文详细的阐述三维在现在生活中的应用状况，发展前景和主要的实现手段。作者最终选择3D MAX作为实现方式，着重的讲述了3D MAX的优缺点和如何运用3D MAX制作自控元件的三维模型。

关键词：3D MAX；建模；自控元件 ABSTRACT The application of computer moving pictures in education field has begun from recent years. The main use is to assistant teaching and training which can improve the students' perceptual knowledge, making tedious teaching imply in the vivid and amusing moving pictures. The application in self-education and teaching is particularly important, for some current course are too intricate and abstract ,and can't demonstrate to students, all that is a problem to either students or educators. The network-teaching ,computer moving pictures used for assistant teaching and training resolve this problem just in time. It uses three demons to set up the models, brings the training and demonstration which can't be taken to the class, and makes it realize through the computer. In class, teachers can teach lively, making the puzzle course become simple. After class students can listen to where he hasn't comprehended very well again and again, and doing that is good for revision, firm master, and can improve learning efficiency.This paper has elaborated in detail the application of the three demons in modern life , the development prosper and main means to carry out. The author eventually choose 3D max as the carrying out means, emphasized the advantages and disadvantages of 3D max, and how to use 3D max to make three demon models of automatic component.Key words: 3D max; model ; automatic component 目 录 第1章 绪论 1 第2章 三维动画的应用 42.1 方案论证 42.2 3D MAX软件介绍 62.3 小结 9 第3章 元件建模 103.1. 制作直流伺服电机的模型 103.1.1 支流力矩电动机 113.2. 制作交流伺服电动机的模型 223.3. 三相步进电动机模型的制作 293.4. 制作力矩式自整角机的模型 353.5. 制作旋转变压器的模型 363.6 小结 37 第4章 模型的后期处理 384.1 标准渲染 384.2 灯光 424.3 摄影机 444.4 小结 44 结论 45 参考文献 46 致谢 47 第一章 绪论 计算机在教学领域的应用是这几年开始的，计算机动画用于辅助教学和辅助训练，可提高学生的感性认识，使枯燥乏味的教学寓于生动、有趣的动画之中。三维计算机软件的制造的模型的表现能力越来越好，他可以帮助将复杂的课程，难以理解的问题变得简单，形象，易于理解，消化。

尤其是在自学与教学领域的应用，由于现在的一些课程，如自动元件，电机拖动原理，自动控制原理等课程十分的难懂抽象，无法向同学演示，这对于无论是学习者还是教育者都是个问题。网络教学，计算机动画用于辅助教学和辅助训练适时解决了这个问题，应用三维建模，将无法带到课堂的训练，演示用计算机实现。

在课上老师可以形象教学，将难以理解的课程变的简单，课下同学可以将自己理解不好的地方反复听，反复理解便于复习，牢固掌握，提高学习效率。计算机动画用于辅助教学真正的适合了课程发展改革的要求，让教的行为与学的行为可以发生在不同的空间，时间。

为学生与老师都提供了便利。学校的实践层面引入网络，真正的多媒体制作涉及教学方案设计，文学脚本撰写，平面设计（美工）创意，2D 、3D的动画制作，视盲频素材采集和编辑编程方面等等，对人力资源的技术文化水平很高要求，对制作平台要求硬件很高。

我们可以充分利用已有的公网资源，充分运用已有的权威机构专业网方面、个人特色网络、老师的饿精力更多地集中在探究学习活动方案的设计上，更多地集中在学习者学习活动的辅导上。本次毕业设计主要完成的是自动元件的网络教学系统，它包括教学部分，练习部分，考试部分，问答部分，留言部分等。

为了更为形象的再现自动元器件的结构，工作情况，采用了三维软件建模。三维计算机动画是采用计算机模拟现实中的三维空间物体。

在计算机中构造三维的几何造型，并赋予表面材料、颜色、纹理等特性，然后，设计造型的运动、变形，灯光的种类、位置、强度及摄像机的位置，焦距，移动路径等，最终生成一系列可动态播放的运动图象，并可以将制作的动画输。

2.毕业论文英文摘要

AbstractThe core competitiveness of enterprises is the basis of the sustainable development of enterprise and the source of competitive advatages. As a growth point of China's national economy, Real Estate directly affects the national economic development and the people's livelihood. Therefore, the construction of real estate enterprises'core competitive ability should be paid profound attention.Depending on a combination of core competence theory, this paper is in view of the status quo of the estate enterprise'core competitive ability in China,then combines the author's opinion under the help of the related books,documents and the teacher, and finally turn out the means of the construction of enterprises'core competitive ability .KeywordsThe Core Competiveness of Enterprises Brand Strategy Enterpise Culture。

3.毕业论文摘要英文翻译

Since our reform and opening to the world, china has been make great strides forward and change greatly in all fields such as economy, culture and politics .when its comes to culture,the strides are showed on the rise of female's educational level and The ratio of female in universities and colleges.even the ratio reach up to 50%.we know that the graduated students is one of the main part of job hunters.The inequalities between the sexes were mirrored in social life ,especially in obtaining employment .

The inequalities between is obvious, most of company would like to choose male instead of female when meeting the same condition interviewee, and female often given lower salary compare with male when doing the same work in the same company according to sex determination. It is worthwhile to note that female are more likely restricted and aggression in gender inequality in obtaining employment.gender inequality effect female's development and future, neglect social integration, harm social cooperation of genders, which lead to consequence seriously such as the lack of coordination between male and female, sound development and the normal operation . the root cause of these problems include sexual discrimination, employing units exist prejudice and angular impression involved in different vocations and some personal reasons from students as professional choice and mental qualities.in order to resolve these problems, we need the public change those angular impressions, employing units

broad vision with development. Meanwhile, as students, who need build health personality and learn more useful knowledge.

The paper will analyze and discuss

the phenomenon of gender inequality of universities and college students in china ,and

conclude some effective Issues and Countermeasures

4.毕业论文英文摘要怎么写

Clear in recent years new types of insecticides on control effect of rice leaf roller in the territory in lujiang County 2010 field to spray pesticide law on 3 kinds of new insecticide for the control of single cropping Rice in five (five), field test of rice leaf roller. Test results indicates that, 97% acetyl methyl amine phosphorus DF on rice longitudinal volume leaves borer has better of volume leaves anti-effect and insecticidal effect, each 667m2 medication volume 60g, and 90g, effects drug Hou 7d of volume leaves anti-effect and insecticidal anti-effect respectively reached 67.5% and 80% above, but effects drug Hou 11d of volume leaves anti-effect and insecticidal anti-effect respectively only up 51.8% and 63.1% above, below each 667m2 with 48% music Republika this EC100ml anti-effect, but are than each 667m2 with 20% acetyl methyl amine phosphorus EC150ml anti-effect. The safety of chemicals on rice growth, large-area application is recommended for 60-90g/667m2, if the rice leaf roller heavy, peak times occur, taking into account the efficacy of its period is not long, once every 7-10d spraying, and appropriately increase the dosage suitable spraying time to master at the peak of cnaphalocrocis medinalis larvae.。

5.毕业论文中英文摘要

Pick toOur enterprise capital operation, although in recent years starting late, but with the rapid development of capital operation in developed countries has a certain disparity of capital operation, know enough clear now, capital operation has become the enterprise management is very important part, in order to make our enterprise in the economic globalization competition of enterprises to grow, capital operation research is very important.The trend in the world economy, China's capital operation mode in the unceasing development, presents many new features, capital operation, technology and network services to become mergers and intermediary organizations, industrial capital and capital to form new financial capital, foreign capital operation develops rapidly, human capital becomes hot, etc. But after China's entry into WTO, further accelerate the pace of reform and opening up, the enterprise capital operation are confronted with many problems and challenges: operation concept distortion and raise efficiency is low, the investment capital, talent and main fuzzy intermediary organization is not perfect, foreign capital operation, the capital market development shortage of congenital malnutrition, government intervention, inefficient behavior, etc. In the economic globalization today, as our enterprise management is an important aspect of the operation, the enterprise must further accelerate the pace of technological innovation, the correct decision on strengthening investment and financing constraints, pay attention to the capital operation mechanism innovation, also the government should also improve the corresponding laws and regulations, and perfect social security system, regulating the capital market, only such enterprises in our country will be healthy development.Key words: shut capital, capital operation, the enterprise, the operation efficiency。

6.求来篇3D MAX毕业论文

虚拟软件Creator与3D MAX结合制作虚拟三维场景摘要：介绍了可视化仿真建模的特点，提出了一种利用3D MAX软件作为辅助建模的方法：在3D MAX下开发的3D模型，以3ds的格式存储下来，然后导入Creator中，在Creator下修正后以flt格式保存，使以Creator构造复杂模型所遇到的难点得到解决。

关键词：可视化仿真；建模方法；Creator;3D MAX1可视化仿真概述一般来说，要通过仿真来认识某个系统，首先需要建立一个可以尽可能逼真模拟该系统的模型，然后通过分析反复运行该模型获取的各种数据和结果来认识该系统。考虑到真实世界的复杂性，尽管“仿真”不是认识世界的唯一途径，但是对于那些具有很多不确定因素和随机性的系统来说，应用计算机仿真技术可以更好地达到认知的目的。

从概念上来说，可视化就是一种用图形或图像来表征数据的计算方法，即利用计算机图形图像技术，将一维数据转化为可观察的二维或三维几何表示，从而达到增强人们对抽象信息认知的目的。2可视化仿真建模的特点可视化仿真衬里性和交互性的本质特征和衬里渲染的底层实现过程，决定了用于可视化仿真系统的三维模型数据库需要具有不同于传统三维模型数据库的一些特点，例如：模型的多边形数量要尽可能少；模型数据的构造要尽可能简单；模型数据库的结构要便于进行遍历操作；模型数据库要能够被应用程序快速读取；模型数据库可以包含各种约束限制信息。

3 Creator与3D MAX的结合3.1基本建模环境模块Creator建模系统的基本模块，其基本功能是为用户提供一个功能强大、交互式的可视化建模环境，用户可以快速地创建三维仿真模型。它的主要功能包括：强大的多边形建模功能；强大的矢量化建模功能；强大的模型数据库控制功能；强大的纹理映射和贴图功能；支持多种格式的三维模型格式转换；支持大面积地形的精确生成；支持多细节层次（LOD）建模；支持多自由度（DOF）建模；支持光点系统模拟；支持序列动画模拟。

3.2地形建模模块（1）使用3D MAX来进行地形的创建。在场景中创建地面：单击Create>Geometry>Plane按钮创建一个平面，将它的LengthSegs和Width Segs都设为25。

(2)选中平面，右击鼠标，在右键菜单中选择Convert toEditable Poly命令，将平面塌陷成为可编辑多边形物体。（3）单击Editable Poly前面的+，在下拉列表中选择Vertex次物体，然后在Soft Selection（软选择）卷展栏中勾选下面的UseSoft Selection（使用软选择）项，调整它的Fallof(f衰减)值。

这样一来，在物体上选择、操作一个点时，就能影响它周围衰减范围内的点了，适当向上移动刚才选中的点并查看效果。（4）任意调整Pinch（收缩）、Bubble（膨胀）的数值，改变衰减范围内对周围点的影响强度。

在Soft Selection卷展栏中，还有一个可以自由绘制选择范围的方法，单击Soft Selection下方的Pain(t绘制)按钮，可以在视图中的物体上任意绘制自己想要选择的区域。（5）使用鼠标任意绘制选择区域，来制作崎岖不平的土地。

（6）使用“选择并移动”工具向上沿Z轴拖动鼠标，制作出地形的起伏（见图1）。(7)取消Lock Soft Selection（锁定软选择）的勾选，回到选择点的状态，关闭Pain(t绘制)状态（见图2）。

(8)在Paint Deformation（绘制变形）卷展栏中单击Relax（松弛）按钮，可以在物体上通过鼠标绘制的方法，将一些过于尖锐的起伏变得比较平滑。（9）单击Push/Pul(l推/拉)按钮，可以在物体表面绘制起伏并塑造形体。

（10）再次单击Relax按钮，在物体表面抚平一些过于尖锐的起伏，让它们变得比较平滑。（11）如果操作满意的话，可以单击Rever(t复原)按钮，在物体表面进行覆盖操作，使刚才的凸起恢复平坦。

（12）待效果满意后，单击Commi(t提交)按钮确定操作，如果对结果不满意，还可以单击Cance(l取消)按钮取消刚才的操作。在这里，单击Commit按钮确定，这样就完成了崎岖地面的操作。

3.3 3ds文件导入creator在3D MAX的建模完成后，模型以3ds的文件存储。一个3ds的文件包含一系列的有用信息，它们用于描述由一个或多个物体构成的3d场景的每一个最小的细节。

3ds文件的二进制信息是用特殊的方式写入的。3ds文件导入creator有两种方法：第一种方法是直接导入，这种转换过程会有一些错误产生，例如遗失或置换面数。

这些错误可以用creator的转换，复制工具校正。另一种方法是模型附上3D MAX的网格形式，再导入creator。

在Creator中，x为水平轴，y轴正交于x轴，z轴垂直于由x和y构成的平面。Creator是一个三维的坐标系统，计算机显示的平面是二维的，放置数据库元件于三维的轨迹平面会更精确。

轨迹平面有两部分：一是平面，三维的数据库空间。一般而言，坐标系里，鼠标左键是放置元件于轨迹平面中。

二是位于轨迹平面的二维网格，网格被认为是笛卡儿坐标系网格或极坐标系网格（见图3、图4），可以是可见的，或是不可见的。 OpenFlight是creator文件的格式，具有层次化结构。

这种结构定义了数据库中节点之间的关系，即节点是以树状形式连接在一起的，从最上层的根节点向下到体节点、面节点和底层的点节点，点节点并不出现在层级视图中。然而，在3D MAX中没有。

7.毕业论文摘要英文

Nowadays, our domestic private enterprises have developed, and successively emerge a number of large and medium-sized private enterprise with abundant strength, and private enterprises in absorbing employment personnel, increase the fiscal revenue plays an increasingly important role. At present, however, the overall competitiveness of domestic enterprises is weak, plus a foreign-capital enterprise after China's entry into wto, China's entering domestic enterprises, especially private enterprises are faced with severe tests. How to improve the private enterprise of domestic enterprises, especially the synthesis competitive ability, the dilemma that has become a top priority. Now a general consensus of enterprises, the competition between enterprises is essentially the enterprise brand competition, promote enterprise's brand value, completes the brand strategy to improve the competitiveness of enterprises is one of the essential factors.Based on the combination of theory with case analysis method, different from the Angle of private enterprise of brand positioning and brand strategy, analyzes the problems faced by private enterprise of the form and the problems and solutions, and ultimately selected for different levels of strategy, and then give the private enterprise strategy of brand positioning and the research provides a reference.The letter divides into three parts, the first part of this enterprise and brand strategy: the second part of a concrete analysis of private enterprise and brand strategy: the third part of the above problems are summarized and realistic meaning of the comments and Suggestions.。

8.毕业论文英文摘要翻译

Today, for any enterprise, rationalization and automation and flexibility are vital factor, only each process and control, and straighten out the use of advanced logistics method and automation system can solve this problem is the demand in the fierce competition in the decisive factor of advantage.

Modern industry is the development trend of informatization, automation, network, intelligent, flexibility, especially China has joined the WTO, the development of modern science and technology and the accelerated pace of global economic integration, it is required in our industrial automation

9.求论文英文摘要翻译

Topic: OpenGL basic knowledge and textureAbstract: OpenGL is defined as "a software interface of graphics hardware". In essence, it is a 3D graphics and model base, have a high degree of portability, and has a very fast speed. The use of OpenGL, 3D images to create elegant and beautiful, and has a very good visual quality. In the application of 3D in the market, in addition to the rendering of point, line and triangle, the surface color by calculating the color value, through the interpolation operation to simulate the lighting effect, in order to achieve more realistic effects, there is a shortcut, is texture mapping (texture mapping), a small amount of texture files can increase effect exciting for 3D rendering。

毕业论文的英文摘要

1.毕业论文英文摘要翻译

[abstract] This is Changsha YuanGe residential area design， 【construction's long, wide】，（不知道是你写的不全还是怎么，有点不通，如果你要加数字，就用the length of construction is。the width of construction is。） a total of 12 layer, total building area is。, building height of principal part is。. Design content mainly includes the architectural design and structural design .

The part of architectural design Including the overall layout,the plane and vertical transportation, and the requirements of fire prevention and evacuation. Design mainly include

planar configuration, elevation and profile design and fire protection and evacuation design, etc., follow the principle of "safty,availability,economy,aesthetics" , satisfy people's demand for residential use function and aesthetic.

Design structure using short-leg

shear wall system, to adapt to the new housing concept of people. Combining with hand calculation and PKPM computing , including load calculation (gravity load, wind load),shear walls and floor slabs, the design calculation of beam and reinforcement.

Key words: short-leg shear wall; High-rise residential; The structure design

本人CET-6水平，纯手工翻译，除查询专业单词外，绝没使用软件，耗时20分钟，还望采纳。希望你论文获得成功。

2.英语论文摘要

seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work.

the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.

The old saying: “When in Rome, do as the Romans” is not sufficient for bridging the communication gap and cultural differences between China and the western countries.What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, geographical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. When exploring the differences in communication manners and customs, we set them mainly into three parts: manner and culture; communication manner and table manner. Considering the roots of these differents, histirical and regional causes might took the significant places. Therefore, a cross culture environment and a cross culture mind do lead to the better understanding in today's communication.

done. run your spell check please. I didn't pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.

good luck and best wishes.

3.求毕业论文的英文摘要

The filling pile department is refers to, in the project scene through the mechanical drill hole, the steel pipe pushes methods and so on earth or manpower excavation forms the pile hole in the foundation soil, and lays aside the pile which in among them the reinforcing cage, the irrigation concretes make, according to becomes the hole method to be different, the filling pile may divide into the settling tube filling pile, the drill hole filling pile and digs the hole filling pile and so on several kinds.Drills a hole the filling pile is according to becomes one kind of pile which the pile method classification defines. The filling pile earliest more than 100 year ago in 1893, because of the industry development as well as the population growth, the high-rise construction increased unceasingly, but because many city's ground conditions were quite bad, could not withstand the pressure which directly transmitted by the high-rise construction, the surface following has the thickness very big soft soil or the medium intensity clay level, the construction high-rise construction like still continued to use the friction pile which at that time used in common, had the very big subsidence inevitably. Therefore engineers used for reference have dug a well the technical invention to dig in the hole to construct the reinforced concrete artificially to become the pile. Therefore afterward 50 years later, namely developed in the early-1940s along with the high efficiency drill hole machines and tools first is published successfully in the US, after World War II, the world was specially the European and American developed country economic resurgence and the development, at this point, changes with each new day along with the science and technology the development, drilled a hole the filling pile in high-level, in the ultrahigh layer building and the heavy construction is widely applied. Certainly, in our country, drilled a hole the filling pile design and the construction level also obtained the considerable development.。

4.毕业论文 英文摘要

Today's rapid development of information technology, the society needs more and more diverse, real estate management information is also more and more important, the management of operation data and property data information becomes more and more important.

How to use the standard of management information system and smooth information query input for modern city, the house property intermediary business, so I found a easy application and design of the property management system records inquires are necessary.

Paper discusses "property management system" the theoretical basis and the design thought, system development process and according to the function of the system to achieve the main discusses database management software development process. Major in software engineering theory as the theoretical basis of system development, client/server model in a relational database as the background, professional development of language as a means of realizing database of database management software development process analysis and theoretical research.

5.求毕业论文英文摘要

The new economic era, known as the corporate image of the human, material and financial resources beyond the "fourth resource", the competition among the enterprises of products from the local competition, price competition, resource competition, competition for talent, technology to the development of competition The integrity of corporate competition, that is, the image of competition. Create good corporate image, not only a modern market economy is an inevitable trend of development, but also enterprises face the increasingly fierce market competition and the success of winning a major magic weapon. For large enterprises, corporate image planning has been relatively mature. While many small and medium enterprises because the road taken the low-cost, how cost-competitive promotion to the quality of competition, and even brand competition, or unable, based on this understanding of SMEs, from corporate image recognition system in the concept of identification system Behavior recognition system, visual recognition systems of the three constituent elements of perspective, the current image of the planning for SMEs on the existence of several major problems, propose solutions to the measures, so that small and medium enterprises based on domestic and international trend of a number of simple Discussion.。

6.本科毕业论文需要英文摘要吗

本科毕业论文需要英文摘要，一般中文与英文并存。

论文摘要是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，要求扼要地说明研究工作的目的、研究方法和最终结论等，重点是结论，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。

中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页（页上无正文）之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前，与关键字置于上下。

扩展资料：

毕业论文撰写意义：

1、撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。

申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。可以这么说，毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有分量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。

一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。但是，实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。

2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。

3、提高大学生的写作水平是社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要。在新的历史时期，无论是提高全族的科学文化水平，掌握现代科技知识和科学管理方法，还是培养社会主义新人，都要求我们的干部具有较高的写作能力。

在经济建设中，作为领导人员和机关的办事人员，要写指示、通知、总结、调查报告等应用文；要写说明书、广告、解说词等说明文；还要写科学论文、经济评论等议论文。

在当今信息社会中，信息对于加快经济发展速度，取得良好的经济效益发挥着愈来愈大的作用。写作是以语言文字为信号，是传达信息的方式。信息的来源、信息的收集、信息的储存、整理、传播等等都离不开写作。

参考资料来源：百度百科——论文摘要

参考资料来源：百度百科——毕业论文

7.毕业论文摘要英文

Nowadays, our domestic private enterprises have developed, and successively emerge a number of large and medium-sized private enterprise with abundant strength, and private enterprises in absorbing employment personnel, increase the fiscal revenue plays an increasingly important role. At present, however, the overall competitiveness of domestic enterprises is weak, plus a foreign-capital enterprise after China's entry into wto, China's entering domestic enterprises, especially private enterprises are faced with severe tests. How to improve the private enterprise of domestic enterprises, especially the synthesis competitive ability, the dilemma that has become a top priority. Now a general consensus of enterprises, the competition between enterprises is essentially the enterprise brand competition, promote enterprise's brand value, completes the brand strategy to improve the competitiveness of enterprises is one of the essential factors.

Based on the combination of theory with case analysis method, different from the Angle of private enterprise of brand positioning and brand strategy, analyzes the problems faced by private enterprise of the form and the problems and solutions, and ultimately selected for different levels of strategy, and then give the private enterprise strategy of brand positioning and the research provides a reference.

The letter divides into three parts, the first part of this enterprise and brand strategy: the second part of a concrete analysis of private enterprise and brand strategy: the third part of the above problems are summarized and realistic meaning of the comments and Suggestions.

8.关于论文摘要的英文版

16 session of Fifth Plenary Session pointed out that, the construction socialism new countryside is in our country modernization advancement significant duty.Only then speeds up the construction socialism new countryside, can as scheduled realize the comprehensive construction well-off society and the modernized powerful nation grand goal.In which economic agent decision socialism new rural reconstruction success or failure.Has carried on the investigation to the current rural economy development, manifests following present situation.Agricultural structure contradictory still prominent, the industrial production degree is not high; The village level debt bears heavily, restricts the economical development seriously; The agricultural capital rises in prices excessively quickly, alleviated the advancement which the farmer becomes rich; Works the output overall quality to be low, the employment additionally receives ability not to be strong; The country shifts the payment not to be able the full amount arriving, the countryside society enterprise to invest the insufficiency.Has conducted the research to these questions, may take the following countermeasure measure.Speeds up the agricultural structure adjustment step, the advancement agriculture industrial production advancement; Enlarge attract/bid for/invite investments dynamics, advancement industrialization advancement; The force advancement urbanization, speeds up the city and countryside integration advancement; Speeds up the agricultural surplus-labor the shift, cultivates the new economical point of growth; Carries out central in countryside each policy, the promotion economy development, the farmer additionally receives.

Key words: New countryside; Economic agent; Agricultural structure; Additionally receiving

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