众文网1.毕业论文要求外文文献,外文文献需要全文翻译吗
这个不用全部翻译的，只要选择自己需要的内容翻译。
翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万。选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。
扩展资料：
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。
6、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。
7、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
参考资料：百度百科-毕业论文
2.求助一篇毕业论文文献翻译部分的英文文献原文~~~
Sino-Japan Trade Relations The bilateral trade between China and Japan amounted to US$236 billion in 2007, reflecting an increase of 20.6 percent compared with the previous year, 33 times over the trade volume at the beginning of the reform and opening up. This vast volume and fast growth took place amid China'Given this background, it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors' economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them. I. Characteristics of Sino-Japanese Trade Bilateral diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and Japan were normalized in 1972, shortly after the United States President Richard Nixon visited Beijing but well before the normalization of U.S.-China relations in 1979. During the year immediately prior to Sino-Japanese diplomatic normalization, the two countries' bilateral trade stood at about 900 million dollars, approximately 4 percent of China's total external trade at the time. Normalization was quickly followed by a sharp rise in China's imports of Japanese goods, first mainly of textile goods and various machinery tools, and later of household electronics, cars and light trucks, etc. Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the 1980s. Only a few years after China's reform and opening in 1978, Japanese brands of TV sets and cars flooded into Chinese markets, and ordinary Chinese consumers began to taste the products of western materialism. Surges in Chinese imports of Japanese goods, through various means and channels of trade, led China to accumulate serious trade deficits and to draw on her official foreign exchange reserves. This ultimately resulted in substantial Chinese currency devaluations throughout the 1980s. The growth of China's external trade dipped in 1989-1990 perhaps mainly due to various non-economic reasons, but the bilateral trade with Japan continued to expand at a steady rate. In 1993 Japan surpassed Hong Kong to become Chinese Mainland's largest trade partner, by official Chinese statistics, and it has remained so ever since. Overall, between 1990 and 2002, the growth of bilateral trade between China and Japan in dollar terms averaged 16.3 percent per annum, exceeding that of China's total external trade over the same period (15 percent). From 2000 to 2007, annual foreign trade volume increased by 16 percent. The fact that the growth in bilateral trade between China and Japan since the early 1990s has been rapid and more or less steady (except briefly for 1997-98), appears somehow unusual or even puzzling. First, during many of the years of the period, the Japanese economy and Japan's overall external trade had slowed down significantly compared to the 1980s. Second, as the Asian financial crisis hit many of the economies and their intraregional trade hard, bilateral trade between China and Japan suffered only a slight setback, if any, during the turbulent two years of 1997-98. Third, when the Japanese yen witnessed significant depreciations vis-à-vis the US dollar whilst Chinese Yuan continued steady peg to the US dollar during 1998 and 2000, China's Japanese imports/exports seemed not to have been reactive to the changes in the foreign exchange rates. In the case of 1998, China's exports to Japan did decrease by a moderate amount (a 7 percent fall), which was nonetheless proportionally smaller than the overall falling level in Japan's imports (an 11.4 percent fall). In the case of 2000, China's exports to Japan actually increased by a large amount, unscathed by any unfavorable moves in the currency markets. However, as long as the further appreciation of Chinese Yuan to US dollar, the pressure on exporting industry in China becomes more serious than ever before. These “unusuals” seem to suggest that there have been fundamental, structural driving forces behind the growth in the bilateral trade between China and Japan. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China's economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China's trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s. II. The Sino-Japanese “Special Relationship” Right now, China has surpassed U.S. to be the largest trade partner to Japan, and Japan me。
3.毕业论文中的外文文献翻译,有什么要求
原发布者：ww83428601
毕业论文外文文献翻译要求一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目：采用三号、黑体字、居中打印；2.正文：采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。四、英文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目：采用三号、TimesNewRoman字、加黑、居中打印2.正文：采用小四号、TimesNewRoman字。行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸.3.脚注：五号，TimesNewRoman，顺序为作者.题目.出处，五、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目，封面中文小四号宋体，英文小四号TimesNewRoman），六、装订：左侧均匀装订，上下共两个钉，并按“封面、外文原文、译文”的顺序统一装订。七、忌自行更改表格样式大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献外文题目翻译题目系别专业班级学生姓名指导教师大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目名称系别专业班级学生姓名指导教师开题报告日期年月
4.我们毕业论文要附上一篇外文文献
摘 要：从19世纪中叶函授教育在英国诞生开始，及至今日，远程教育已成为教育界最具活力的领域之一。
在其发展过程中，远程教育研究起到了引导和促进的作用：本文从远程教育与远程教育研究的概念出发，提出远程教育研究可划分为两种基本范式：即理论研究与实践研究，并着重论述了远程教育的理论研究范式。关键词：远程教育；远程教育研究；范式远程教育的诞生是工业社会技术应用的结果，蒸汽机和铁路的发明极大地扩展了人们活动的地理空间。
为了让异地的学生能继续学习，教师自然地想到把学习材料（书籍和教材）通过邮政系统由铁路运输传递到学生手中，这便是最早的远程教育形式──函授教育。从此，每一次新技术在教育媒体和教育传播领域中的应用就产生出一种新型的远程教育形式，从基于印刷、录音录像媒体和无线电广播技术的广播电视教育，到基于印刷、模拟视音频及数字化媒体和计算机网络、卫星传输和通信技术的网络教育，再到基于新型移动数字化教育媒体和移动通信网络技术的移动教育，莫不如此。
远程教育在教学媒体和技术环境两个方面都表现出愈益丰富、愈加复杂的特点，这种丰富性和复杂性使得远程教育具有了较高的学术研究价值。知识经济社会的来临凸显学习的重要性和远程教育无穷的市场潜力，一大批企业被吸引介入远程教育研究领域，由此带来了远程教育的跨越式发展和远程教育研究的繁荣。
一、远程教育与远程教育研究关于远程教育的定义，许多著名的远程教育专家都曾以自己的方式表述过，其中最有影响并被广泛认可的是远程教育学家德斯蒙德？基更的远程教育的五项特征描述的定义（基更，1996）。这一定义概括了远程教育的下列特征。
──准永久性分离教师与学生、学生与其他学生在时间、空间和社会文化心理上的分离是远程教育最突出的特征。在教与学过程中，师生处于物理空间相对分离同时通过信息传递又相互联系的状态；教与学过程是以特定的技术环境、教育资源和教育媒体为基础的。
分离并不是完全永久性的，也就是说远程教育中并不完全排斥面对面交流。──媒体与技术的作用媒体与技术是远程教育中又一个重要特征。
远程教育的本质是实现跨越时间、空间和社会文化心理的教学活动，在这一过程中，媒体与技术是关键因素，是远程教育赖以存在的基础。──双向通信教学活动的本质是教育信息在教师与学生、学生与学生之间的传递，远程教育也是如此。
因此，通信是远程教育教学活动的基础。传统课堂教学中的双向通信机制和多向通信机制是面对面的，而远程教学中的双向通信机制主要是非面对面的，是基于一定的通信技术和网络技术基础之上的。
另外，远程教育在实践中呈现如下一些基本趋势：教师的角色将逐渐淡化，教师更多地以教育资源的形式或学习帮促者的身份出现；出于教学或社会交往需要而组织的基于传统面对面方式，或现代电子方式的集体会议交流活动将增多；从强调媒体与技术的作用转向注重以技术为基础的教育环境建构和教育资源的建设与利用，这种术语的转变体现了学习音中心理论、建构主义、系统科学和后现代主义等现代教育理念、复杂性科学和哲学思想在远程教育中的渗透；远程教育中不可或缺的重要角色是实施远程教育的组织机构，远程教育中的远程学习具有系统性、严肃性与社会确认性的特点，而一般远程学习则不具有这些特点；教育信息传递的通信机制多样化，单向通信、双向通信、多向通信并存，同步传输与异步传输共现。在综合现有各种关于”远程教育”的定义、远程教育的现状以及未来远程教育发展趋势的基础上，本文给出“远程教育”的一个全新定义：从狭义上来看，远程教育是指由特定的教育组织机构，综合应用一定社会时期的技术，收集、开发、设计、制作和利用各种教育资源、建构教育环境，并基于一定社会时期的技术、教育资源和教育环境为学生提供教育服务，以及出于教学和社会化的目的进而为学生组织一些集体会议交流活动（以传统面对面方式或者以现代电子方式进行），以帮助和促进学生远程学习为目的的所有实践活动的总称。
在所有活动中，教师是以教育资源的形式或学习帮促者的身份与学生保持着一种准永久性分离的状态；而学生与教育组织机构（教师）或学生与学生之间将通过建立双向或多向通信机制保持即时会话。从广义上来看，远程教育是指在上述实践活动过程中所涉及的组织机构、技术、资源、人员与实践活动等构成的整个系统。
从发展的观点看，远程教育是与一定社会时期的技术紧密联系的，远程教育发展的历史也就是人类社会技术发展的历史。从本体论的角度看，远程教育是一种复杂的实践活动（狭义）及一个综合的复杂性系统（广义）。
从认识论的角度看，认识和研究这种复杂的实践活动或综合的复杂性系统的过程就是远程教育研究，研究所形成的关于实践活动或复杂性系统的完整理论体系就是远程教育学科。而如何研究、认知和理解这种实践活动或复杂性系统，则属于远程教育研究的方法论的范畴。
这一定义是综合我国及世界各国远程教育的现状并结合未来远程教育的发展趋势加以归纳与表述的，。
5.【急求
Role of Enterprise Strategy Successful companies are those that focus their efforts strategically. Strategy should be a stretch exercise, not a fit exercise. To meet and exceed customer satisfaction, the business team needs to follow an overall organizational strategy. A successful strategy adds value for the targeted customers over the long run by consistently meeting their needs better than the competition does. Strategy is the way in which a company orients itself towards the market in which it operates and towards the other companies in the marketplace against which it competes. It is a plan an organization formulates to gain a sustainable advantage over the competition. The central strategic issue: why different companies, facing the same environment, perform differently. Strategy answers the following questions: what are the sources of the company's sustainable competitive advantage? how a company will position itself against competition in the market over the long run to secure a sustainable competitive advantage? what are the key strategic priorities? Strategy is an agreed-on guide to action that should lead business to success in the marketplace by satisfying customer needs better than the competition does. Strategy formulation is the major task for the company entrepreneur and CEO, but it is the task of middle managers and project managers to carry this strategy out and turn it into results. Strategic Leadership As a strategic leader your prime responsibility is to ensure that your organization is going in the right direction. To be able to identify the right strategy and pursue it to the desired result, you need to master two important functions: strategic thinking and strategic planning. Ten Major Schools of Strategic Management Ten deeply embedded, though quite narrow, concepts typically dominate current thinking on strategy. These range from the early Design and Planning schools to the more recent Learning, Cultural and Environmental Schools8 New Approaches to Strategy Formulation The currently dominant view of strategy is the resource-based theory. Traditional strategy models, such as Michael Porter's five forces model, focus on the company's external competitive environment. Most of them do not attempt to look inside the company. In contrast, the resource-based perspective highlights the need for a fit between the external market context in which a company operates and its internal capabilities. According to this view, a company's competitive advantage derives from its ability to assemble and exploit an appropriate combination of resources. Sustainable competitive advantage is achieved by continuously developing existing and creating new resources and capabilities in response to rapidly changing market conditions. In relation to the 10 traditional approaches, today, strategy formulation should also be a combination of them - judgmental designing, intuitive visioning, and emergent learning; it should be about transformation as well as perpetuation; it has to involve individual cognition and social interaction, co-operative as well as conflictive; it must include analyzing before and programming after as well as negotiating during; and all of this must be in response to what can be a demanding environment.8 Blue Ocean Strategy: 6 Principles Blue ocean strategy is about revolutionary value innovation. The six principles drive the successful formulation and execution of Blue Ocean Strategy. These principles attenuate the six risks。
More Balanced Organization: 5 Basic Elements Empowered Employees (Metal): Building Your Sustainable Competitive Advantage Sustainable competitive advantage is the prolonged benefit of implementing some unique value-creating strategy based on unique combination of internal organizational resources and capabilities that cannot be replicated by competitors。 More SWOT Analysis: Questions To Answer What is your strongest business asset? What unique resources do you have? What do you offer that makes you stand out from the rest?。
More Your Strategic Intent Strategic intent is a high-level statement of the means by which your organization will achieve its vision. It is a core component of your dynamic strategy. Strategic intent cannot be planned all in advance. It must evolve on the basis of experience during its implementation。 More Market Leadership Strategies The market leader is dominant in its industry and has substantial market share. If you want to lead the market, you must be the industry leader in developing new business models and new products or services. You must be on the 。
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