毕业论文外文译文和原件

1. 毕业论文外文和原件是什么(毕业论文外文原文在哪里找,到处找不到怎么办,可以把中文的翻译成)

2. 毕业论文外文译文评语(外文翻译教师评语怎么写)

3. 经济学毕业论文外文译文(急求：经济类3000字左右英文文献带翻译更好)

4. 毕业论文人事外文(人力资源论文的英文摘要希望您能帮翻译,谢谢)

5. 毕业论文里的外文在哪找(请问本科生毕业论文的外文翻译去哪里找)

6. 外文医学毕业论文(求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分)

7. 关于招聘的毕业论文外文译文

8. 毕业论文保健品外文译文

毕业论文外文和原件是什么(毕业论文外文原文在哪里找,到处找不到怎么办,可以把中文的翻译成)

1.毕业论文外文原文在哪里找,到处找不到怎么办,可以把中文的翻译成

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去（见原文）。（空一行，字体同正文）

5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译

（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本），出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.

原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次.

原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。

要求有外文原文复印件。

（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范

第一部分：封面

1.封面格式：见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。普通A4纸打印即可。

第二部分：外文翻译主题

1.标题

一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

2.正文

小四号字，宋体。

第三部分：版面要求

论文开本大小：210mm*297mm(A4纸)

版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边

距：18mm

字符间距：标准

行距：1.25倍

页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译

题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中）

装订顺序是：封皮、中文翻译、英文原文复印件

毕业论文外文和原件是什么

毕业论文外文译文评语(外文翻译教师评语怎么写)

1.外文翻译教师评语怎么写

导师推荐评语（一）、思想积极进步；学习上目标明确、勤奋刻苦、成绩优秀，在认真学习专业课的同时，重视基础课程的学习，掌握了扎实的理论基础和专业知识，并且积极参加社会实践活动，使自己全面发展。

具备了较强的独立思考问题、主动解决问题和学习的能力。工作上，积极能干，不怕苦，不怕累，具有很强的责任心，做事细心，团队意识强，敢于创新。

总之，该同学是一个综合素质高，具备较高社会实践能力和创新能力的优秀的毕业生。（二）性格稳重，学习勤奋刻苦，态度端正，学习成绩在班级名列前茅。

善于思考，注重动手能力的锻炼，并侧重自己团队精神的培养。积极参于专业实验室的研发项目。

在校期间努力争取并参加校外企业的实训锻炼，积极参加院系组织的社会实践活动，曾做过慈善相关事业部门的兼职，具备了较强的分析问题解决问题的能力。总之，该同学是一个综合素质高，社会实践能力强，极具团队意识的学生。

（三）性格开朗，思维敏捷，适应能力较强，乐于助人，热爱集体，诚实守信，上进心强。能够团结同学，人际关系良好，团队精神强，善于协调工作，协同作战。

积极参加各种集体活动，锻炼自己的能力。学习目标明确，基础扎实，重视动手能力的培养和课外知识的积累，独立思考，有创新精神。

生活朴素，能吃苦耐劳，待人真诚，工作细心认真，踏实肯干，责任心强。总之，该同学是一个综合素质高，社会实践能力强，极具团队意识的优秀毕业生。

研究生导师评语（一）、该生在硕士研究生学习阶段，思想上要求上进，认真学习，努力钻研专业知识，毕业之际，回顾三年来的学习、工作以及生活，做总结如下：在专业课程的学习上，他根据研究方向的要求，有针对性的认真研读了有关核心课程，打下扎实的科研基础；在读期间他还研修了很多其他课程，开阔了视野，对整个研究领域的结构有了更深刻的认识。在英语学习方面，其具备了较强的英语听、说、读、写能力。

在做硕士论文期间，其积极参与各项教学科研活动，在教学实践的过程中，认真阅读教材和查阅学术资料，大大提升了其教学水平。同时他还具有较强的动手能力，并参与了导师的多项课题，使自己的理论与实践水平得到了很大的提升。

在平时生活中，他为人处世和善、乐于助人，并积极参与各项集体活动。在思想上他始终对自己有较高的要求，主动和党组织靠拢。

其在研究生阶段的科研、学习以及工作都是优秀出色的，相信这些经历和积累都将成为其人生道路上的宝贵财富。希望其在以后的工作和学习中，将继续保持并发扬严谨治学的作风，兢兢业业，争取取得更大的成绩。

（二）、xx在硕士研究生学习阶段，有针对性的认真研读了有关核心课程，打下扎实的科研基础；在准备硕士论文期间，其积极参与各项教学科研活动，在教学实践的过程中，认真阅读教材和查阅学术资料，大大提升了其专业水平。同时他还具有较强的动手能力，并参与了导师的多项课题，使自己的理论与实践水平得到了很大的提升。

相信这些经历和积累都将成为其人生道路上的宝贵财富。（三）、xx在硕士研究生学习阶段，注重政治理论学习，关心国家大事，拥护党的路线方针政策，时刻牢记担负的社会责任，坚决抵制“法轮功”等邪教组织，政治立场坚定。

在专业课程学习上，认真学习了软件工程的核心课程，所选课程全部达到国家要求。在科研实践中，广泛阅读有关博士、硕士论文和大量的外文文献，实践动手能力比较强，参与了导师多项课题的研究。

在学习之余，该生注重个人综合素质的提升，曾代表学院参加了武汉大学足球赛并获得第一名的成绩，平时也经常和同学一起参加课外活动，这些活动不仅锻炼了身心，还加深了同学之间的友谊。相信这些经历和积累都将成为胡光人生道路上的宝贵财富。

在以后的工作和学习中，望该生继续保持并发扬严谨治学的作风，兢兢业业，争取取得更大的成绩。实习指导老师评语该生在实习期间，态度极其认真，工作积极、细心、踏实，能虚心接受指导；同时善于思考，能够举一反三，具有较强地外语沟通能力和沟通技巧，能保质保量地完成领导交办的任务；还表现出强烈的敬业精神和团队精神，深厚的专业基础和良好的专业知识水平，是一位不可多得的人才。

该生实习期间，工作认真，勤奋好学，踏实肯干，在工作中遇到不懂的地方，能够虚心向富有经验的前辈请教。对于别人提出的工作建议，能够虚心听取。

能够将在学校所学的知识灵活应用到具体的工作中去，保质保量完成领导交办的工作。同时该生能够严格遵守我中心的各项规章制度，能与同事和睦相处，表现出较好的团队合作精神和敬业精神。

表现高度热忱，讲解钜细靡遗，能兼顾不同程度学生的需要，亦能根据学生反应及教师指导调整板书、速度、教学方式、内容……，努力求得学生最大利益。批改作业认真，评语多样、丰富而恳切。

上课秩序掌控得宜，收放自如，优秀稳剑发现问题能主动提出讨论，讨论中自然流露极佳学养与见识。该生工作认真负责，班主任工作做的扎实，经常深入学生了解他们的思想和学习状况，与学生谈心，帮助他们树立正确。

毕业论文的外文译文,毕业论文外文译文和原件,毕业论文外文译文和原件是什么意思

2.英文翻译评价[急]

She is one of the few girls Marketing Department, is the only a female team leader. My company is trivial and heavy, many men are feeling a stressful job, so when Human Resource Dept. To recommend her, I told her work ability still retains a certain skepticism. But her with the practical action to I proved she can fully qualified for the job, and excellent performance. I impressed her not just because she and other male employee working hard, but she can while at work shows the woman of good side. She is good at work to summarize, constructed a wonderful part of the work and the place that should be improved, and the completed work to view it in time for files, for future consult, avoid duplication; She also use their solid professional knowledge, making electronic file system, further improve the work efficiency. At the same time, she is also an excellent team player, and not because they are a team leader and arbitrary alone, but to become of the team's cohesion: she is good at team member found the advantages and can be effectively distribution of work, let members play their strengths; She encouraged members cooperation to complete team work as the goal, Valuable, she remained optimistic positive attitude, and affect others in this benign atmosphere.。

外文,译文,评语,毕业论文

3.外语翻译（工作上的个人评价）

I would be one of empolyees of your company on July 2008,as an administrative assistant,I am in charge of hotel reservation ,ticket,meeting room,and distribution of daily stationery.

In the passing 5 months,I accomplished all kinds of work under leader and colleague's care and help.Besides my due job, I also positively worked in with other fellows.I got well along with my colleagues who I lernt a lot from are serious about job.

In the future job,I will be more serious to reduce the mistakes,meanwhile I could know more details about our products in my spare time,to assist my colleagues to complete goals in the future.

Because it is short timen since I could be one of your,I do not know much about our firm inner operation,such as new product.I would run into some problems,I wish I could make more contributions to our company development.

小学文凭，仅供参考。

4.对毕业论文的学术评语及能否参加答辩的意见怎样写

开题报告：

该同学的“南京雨花茶提升品牌知名度措施探析”选题，应用性较强。该同学到茶叶销售市场调研和查阅相关资料，了解了南京雨花茶历史、品质和近年来市场情况，发现南京雨花茶品质优良，但品牌知名度不高的现状。拟结合市场营销理论探究形成这种状况的原因，提出了如何提升南京雨花茶提升品牌知名度的研究思路、研究方法研究目标和研究计划。

该同学的已基本具备了本课题研究的基本资料，具备写该论文的理论基础。开题报告内容翔实。

同意该生选题。

中期检查表：（学生）

我已根据课题研究需要收集相关参考资料，并深入到茶叶市场进行观察了解，结合所学市场营销理论知识认真思考，撰写了论文提纲，完成论文初稿，现正在修改论文。

学生回答问题的简要情况：（答辩记录人）

该同学回答问题思路清晰；语言表达较准确，概念清楚，论点正确；主要问题回答准确，回答问题有理论根据。报告时间符合要求。

指导教师对毕业论文的评语：

能独立查阅文献和从事其他调研；能正确翻译外文资料；0.10能提出并较好地论述课题的实施方案；有收集、加工各种信息及获取新知识的能力。能正确选择研究（实验）方法，独立进行研究工作。0.20

能运用所学知识和技能去发现与解决实际问题；能正确处理实验数据；能对课题进行理论分析，得出有价值的结论。0.20

按期圆满完成规定的任务，工作量饱满，难度较大，工作努力，遵守纪律；工作作风严谨务实。0.20

综述简练完整，有见解；立论正确，论述充分，结论严谨合理；文学通顺，技术用语准确，符号统一，编号齐全，书写工整规范，图表完备、整洁、正确；论文结果有应用价值。0.20

工作中有创新意识；对前人工作有改进或独特见解。0.10

评阅教师对毕业论文的评语：

查阅文献有一定广泛性；翻译外文资料质量较好；有综合归纳资料的能力和自己的见解。0.15综述简练完整，有见解；立论正确，论述充分，结论严谨合理；实验正确，分析处理科学；文学通顺，技术用语准确，符号统一，编号齐全，书写工整规范，图表完备、整洁、正确；论文结果有应用价值。0.50工作量饱满，难度较大。0.25对前人工作有改进或突破，或有独特见解。0.10

答辩小组意见：

报告内容：思路清晰；语言表达准确，概念清楚，论点正确；实验方法科学，分析归纳合理；结论严谨；论文结果有应用价值。0.50创新对前人工作有改进或突破，或有独特见解。0.10答辩：回答问题有理论根据，基本概念清楚。主要问题回答准确，深入。0.30报告时间：符合要求0.10

毕业论文外文译文评语

经济学毕业论文外文译文(急求：经济类3000字左右英文文献带翻译更好)

1.急求：经济类3000字左右英文文献（带翻译更好）

INTO THE STORM FOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world's financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China's economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。

他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。

中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。

No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world's stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。

Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks' debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。

而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。

Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China's growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。

Blowing cold on credit 对信贷没兴趣 The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。

在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。

In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today's mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet 。

2.100分求助

Since China joined the WTO in 2001, China's real estate market in this period of time within a relatively gradually prosperous development situation, and the situation of China's population, the big cities of the housing demand, more and more people concern, real estate investment in real estate, but, with China's entry into the world economy big melting pot, and the integration of the world economy more and more closely. In 2008, the subprime crisis caused by economic crisis sweeping the globe, China - the world's attention by a large market, also did not survive, and real estate of China in this time of economic crisis will inevitably face under a looming large shuffle, but the balance of China's real estate market in long-term accumulated inferior and disadvantages, also will spontaneously get market competition.。

3.经济论文摘要翻译英文

Since the second half of 2007, the international economic situation has undergone a marked change. By the U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis and other factors, the major developed countries, economic growth slowed down. In this context, China's foreign trade exports were seriously affected, and the performance of the export growth slowed down, all kinds of barriers to trade increased and so on. Thus, in the new international economic situation requires us to change the mode of growth of export trade and promote sound and rapid development of foreign trade。

4.急求英文摘要翻译（经济类论文）

At present, enterprises in the economic life of the credit problem is a very prominent problem, and lose the trust accounts in arrears default, making the economic interests of many enterprises have been violated, some enterprises would rather give up a large number of orders, and cash transactions. This phenomenon not only increase transaction costs for firms, but also hinder the development of enterprises. Credit management issues that affect the key to the competitiveness of enterprises is the core of the modern enterprise content management. Good credit is a valuable asset. Therefore, strengthening the credit awareness in the community, and timely implementation of credit management, has important practical significance. China's accession to the WTO, it means that the Chinese companies into the ranks of international competition, there is not a sound and effective credit management system, enterprises will be the lack of sufficient competition in the market, and will lose the ability to guard against credit risk, and ultimately the market will be relentless elimination。

5.网络经济外文文献及中文翻译

INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world's financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China's economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。

他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。

6.600分求毕业论文中的外文翻译,要有外文原文和译文

Shallow view college students（浅析大学生消费观） In the current consumption market, as a special group is receiving more and more attention. Cell phones, Internet, sports, tourism, av equipment are students of consumption. Their younger age, different from other social consumer groups of consumer psychology and behavior. On one hand has strong consumption demand, on the other hand, has obtained the financial independence. Consumer spending power of advanced concepts, the lag and has great influence on them. With this curious, we investigated the students listened, currently the teachers.Results showed that the following reasons for college students have a profound influence on the view.First, family environment for students of consumption "congenital". Family is the basic factors restricting their consumption. Most students from rural areas currently. Rural students would not spend a lot of money to buy a bar of chocolate, biscuit, candy and snacks. A classmate of institute of grammar, told reporters he every month in the consumption of food and supplies, and a small part of life. However, the students from the developed city, in the free allowance is master circumstance, even the remaining money to spend on hair, clothing, accessories, and other items. MP3 Second, the consumption of college campus environment. According to the understanding of the ", just past 11 golden weeks, "some travel agency" lovers swims "travel group, a lot of students. Some boys to girls, the pursuit of cosmetics, snacks, flowers as "sociology". In the investigation and discussion, we found that the students love more than 100 - month about spending at least 200 yuan, also has 50 yuan, the highest reach 500 yuan. One of the students of agronomy humorously tells a reporter, dating from the average expenses for the situation had been broken and three kinds, namely, man should take all NanNvFang share and the initiative of all, girls love spending even more than the situation.Internet addiction among is one where money. Some students spend all day in the net cafe, wasting their time and energy, and parents hard-earned money.Third, social environment influence on college students' view. In the interview process, a eppo school students told reporters: "some students fashion and famous, too." compare existing In the seminar, some students, in order to have a phone or a paragraph on the most popular, some classmates to economize, even sacrifice other necessary expenses. Some male classmate to buy a pair of shoes, the female classmate brand in order to buy a set of famous cosmetic or a brand-name clothes at hand to his family, money or borrow money from their classmates, these reflects some students don't know into, and driven them form the vanity of endless themselves. In addition, the male classmate hair, earrings, female students, also make positive modelling teachers and parents worried.College students are the pillars of the construction of the future society, its consumption ideas and directly affected the life character and the influence of the motherland, indirect jiangshan justice. Good training and strengthening consumer habits will get to the school, good shape, and formed the role of school student wind virtuous circle. Therefore, the schools should set students' good consumption psychology and behavior of the cultivation of campus culture construction as an important component. Facing the current as of inviting advertising the snowflake fly to the university campus, teachers and parents have necessary guidance from the side with the correct method, students correct view firmly. College students from his actual consumption of the economic situation, develop simple life style, develop good consumption habits and consumption mentality. 在当前的消费市场中，大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体正受到越来越多的关注。

手机、旅游、上网、运动、影音器材都是大学生的消费热点。他们年龄较轻，有着不同于社会其他消费群体的消费心理和行为。

一方面有着旺盛的消费需求，另一方面，尚未获得经济上的独立。消费观念的超前和消费实力的滞后，都对他们有很大影响。

带着这样的好奇，我们调查了农大的同学，听取了老师们的意见。调查结果显示，下面几种原因对大学生的消费观有着深刻的影响。

第一，家庭环境对大学生的消费观产生“先天性”的影响。家庭条件是大学生消费的根本制约因素。

农大学生大部分来自于农村。农村来的学生不愿花费很多钱去买巧克力、饼干、糖果之类的零食。

文法学院的一位同学告诉记者，他每个月的消费大部分用在伙食及学习用品上，还有一小部分是生活用品。但是，来自发达城市的学生，。

7.求翻译

Oligarchic market economy efficiency of generally, in the oligarchic monopoly market, market price above marginal costs, while prices higher than the lowest average cost. Therefore, oligarchic monopoly enterprises in the production and use of technology aspects should be inefficient, but from the extent to see, because oligarchic market competition, sometimes exist relatively intense competition, giving its efficiency than monopoly market wants tall. But on the other hand, oligarchic market usually exist products to meet consumers' differences in different preferences, in addition, because firms take bigger scale, facilitating extensive use of advanced production technology, while the fierce competition and manufacturers accelerated products and technical innovation. Therefore, high efficiency and its side, in many countries, people tried to limit the oligarchs manufacturers inefficient to further encourage oligarchic market competition。

8.急求一篇经济类英文文章翻译后能达到5000字就行（带上中文翻译）

Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments. Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior. Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist . One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980. Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong. The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis. The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation. • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies. • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the 。

9.经济学外文文献“time

Kyungmin Kim 的《Information about sellers' past behavior in the market for lemons》出现的经济学名词"time-on-the-market"。

摘要部分如下： This paper studies the role of time-on-the-market information in dynamic trading environments under adverse selection. I consider a sequential search model in which (informed) sellers receive price offers from (uninformed) buyers and analyze both the case in which buyers receive no information about sellers' trading histories and the case in which buyers observe sellers' time-on-the-market. I analyze how the observability of time-on-the-market influences agents' trading behavior and investigate its welfare implications in both the single-seller environment and the stationary market envKyungmin金的《信息卖方市场的过去行为柠檬》出现的经济学名词“time-on-the-market”。摘要部分如下：本文研究的角色time-on-the-market信息在动态交易环境下的逆向选择。

我考虑了一个顺序搜索模型，其中（知情的）卖家从（不知情的）买家那里收到报价，并分析了两种情况，一种是买家没有收到有关卖家交易历史的信息，另一种是买家观察卖家在市场上的时间。分析了市场上时间的可观测性如何影响代理人的交易行为，并研究了其在单一卖方环境和平稳市场环境下的福利影响ironment。

10.急求经济类3000字左右英文文献（带翻译更好）

中国加入世贸组织之后经历了高增长低通胀黄金5年，然而从06年下半年开始地产出现泡沫，通胀开始抬头，股市奔腾向前，大批热钱涌入，国内货币流动性过剩，而人民银行不断调高利息，效果却是杯水车薪（调高利息虽然可以减少银行放贷，但直接加速人民币升值，更多热钱流入，对冲了调控效果）中国经济出现了严重的过热（严重过热是我个人说法）。

经济转型势在必行。中央政府的十一五计划中有增加农民收入这条，意味着低廉的农产品时代已经过去，农产品涨价将长期存在，直到回归到真正的市场价值（过去政府一直压低农产品价格以执行以农补工的政策）2007年初，以猪肉价格上涨为导火索的全面通胀拉开序幕，从而最终导致了整个劳动力成本上升，加之人民币升值，使东南沿海地区低附加值加工业无法生存，迫使企业向中高附加值加工转型，这样也许过个三五年的阵痛期，中国经济在突破了这个瓶颈这后会继续飞速向前。

然而国际形势的发展确给国内过热的情况又添了把油。07到08年上半年，铁矿石，石油，大豆，几乎中国需要进口战略性资源全部大幅上涨，这里的上涨不全都是市场供求的体现，2004年中国豆内加工企业要去美国采购大豆，芝加哥商品交易所的黄豆价格在短时间内翻番，随着采购的结束，其价格便大幅回落，中国企业为此损失巨大。

石油价格在世界经济衰退预期明显的情况下仍然涨到了近150美元每桶（中国对外石油依存度为50%），其中必然有大的利益集团在幕后操纵（具体情况下次更新）。在这种情况下国内形势不容乐观。

China's accession to the WTO has experienced high growth and low inflation gold 5 years, however, start from the second half of 2006 real estate bubble, inflation began to rise, the stock market Pentium forward, a large number of hot money influx of excess liquidity in domestic currency, while the people the constant increase in bank interest rates, the effect is a drop in the ocean (although the increase in interest rates can be reduced bank lending, but directly to accelerate the appreciation of the renminbi, more hot money flows, hedge effectiveness of the regulation and control) of China's economic emergence of a serious overheating (Severe overheating is my personal argument). Imperative of economic restructuring. Central government's Eleventh Five-Year Plan has increased the income of the farmers this means that low-cost agricultural products is over time, agricultural prices will exist for a long time, until the return to the real market value (In the past the Government has been suppressing the prices of agricultural products to farmers up to perform Public policy) early in 2007 to pork prices for the fuse of a comprehensive inflation began, thus finally led to a rise in the cost of the entire labor force, coupled with the appreciation of the renminbi to the southeast coastal areas with low value-added processing industry can not survive, forcing enterprises Medium to high value-added processing in transition, so too may be a painful period in 2035, China's economy broke through the bottleneck at the latter will continue to move forward rapidly. However, development of the international situation does give domestic overheating adds to the oil. 07-08 in the first half, iron ore, oil, soybeans, China needs to import almost all the significant increases in strategic resources, where prices are incomplete manifestation of market supply and demand in 2004, Chinese soybean processing enterprises in the procurement of soybean to go to the United States, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the soybean price doubled in a short time, with the procurement of the end of its price will have fallen very sharply, Chinese companies a huge loss for this purpose. Oil prices in the world economic recession is expected to significantly despite a rise to near 150 U.S. dollars per barrel (China's foreign oil dependence to 50%), one of the inevitable big interest groups have manipulated behind the scenes (the specific circumstances of the next update). In this case the domestic situation is not optimistic. 所幸的是还没等中国热的喘不过气，美国就倒下了，全球经济前景史无前例的黯淡，几乎所有的大宗商品价格都回落到06年以前的水平，石油价格更是低估到40美元每桶，国外消费市场的低迷更是增加了扩大内需的决心，使国内居民能真正享受到自己的劳动果实（而不是借给美国人）短期来看，失业短期增多，但经济的转型必然带来失业，但从长期来看低增长低通涨要比低增长高通胀要好的多（实际上中国09年增长率也会相当的高，至少7%）. 股市从6000点跌到2000点以下这段过程（不讨论操纵，黑幕），这时也许大家会说没有赢家，其实赢家就是所有没有炒股但有大批现金的人，这些人未来不一定能赚，但至少有这个机会，而且机会相当的大。08年前中国人想买什么什么涨，中投，中铝，平。

经济学毕业论文外文译文

毕业论文人事外文(人力资源论文的英文摘要希望您能帮翻译,谢谢)

1.人力资源论文的英文摘要希望您能帮翻译,谢谢

The high performance of management has already become the content that enterprises are pursuing constantly, but while adopting to improve the tool which manage efficiency in all, encourage already becoming a more and more important link, is being paid close attention to by the enterprise day by day. Encouragement is a manpower resources development important means, it is shown as and given and satisfied or limited people's demand desire appropriately, and the essence is people's intensity of willinging at the time of pursuing a certain set objective. In know, encourage, have mistaken idea with thinking method much administrative staff, even produced very great negative effect on the company. Then discuss here how the administrative staff goes to know the characteristic that the staff encourage and thinking method, thus bring the high performance to enterprises。

2.求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分

Improve the urban medical service system of China's Countermeasures Community health service is to urbanization with Chinese characteristics with the health care system an important component of the. Community health services in community work as an important component of the various parts are actively promoting this work, and some have achieved good results. However, the construction of the current community health service there are still major problems to the following: First, the development of community awareness of the importance of health services is not in place. Community health services should be the basic medical insurance is a major commitment, and it can be a timely, convenient and economical way to provide insurance services, rational and effective use of medical insurance fund. Only do a good job of community building can be the most direct and convenient for the general population, a good, efficient service. However, some of the staff of local health services to develop community awareness of the importance of also not enough. Some think that hospitals, health centers, abundant resources, has been able to meet the need, and there is no need for further development of community health service organizations; Some think we should go with the flow development, it is not necessary to vigorously promote the development of awareness of less than urgency. In recognition of the bias, a number of local community health service lags behind the building of socio-economic development lags behind medical insurance and health, medicine circulation system reform, health services lags behind the demand for urban development. Secondly, the expansion of community health service functions are not in place. Community health service as a product of urbanization, the demand for its functions as the guide is based on the residents, for residents to provide preventive, medical, health, rehabilitation, health education, family planning, "Six in One" integrated health services. However, in actual operation, there is understanding in some areas of misunderstanding. Some believe that the community health services similar to the grass-roots hospitals, but is set by the district offices, for more than a brand; some believe that the community health services is only secondary and tertiary hospitals to district offices sent a number of branches. In the provision of services, and some believe that the main headache for the treatment of patients with influenza, vaccination for children, such as disease prevention. This function of community health services, one-sided understanding of the impact of a community health service institutions and functions of standardized construction brought into full play. Third, the community health care measures are not in place. The development of community health services, not only to keep up with the hardware construction, and the need for sound policies and measures. At present, the absence of a unified planning or planning is not scientific, in some areas of community health service agencies, hospitals or the streets from the hospital transfer form to send agencies, personnel, shortage of funds, facilities, backward, obsolete equipment; affected the normal work process. Not even a lot of community health services, development is very uneven. In terms of software development, taxation, prices and other preferential policies in place, two-way referral system is established, not covered by medical insurance institutions, the limited community health services, economic difficulties, the slow development. Fourth, inadequate personnel training mechanism. Community health service need is general practitioners, and the establishment of China's medical education system in general. At present, engaged in community health services, health care workers, mainly low-level specialist qualifications or other industries to switch from non-school medical staff, some staff had only received a small number of special education. Whether it is health care personnel or nursing staff, in terms of quantity and quality are far failed to meet the development needs of community health services. Strategies to address these problems: First, the practical importance of community health services building. The development of community health services, not only can effectively satisfy the growing urban demand for health services, but also conducive to urban health service system to adjust the structure, function and layout, to improve efficiency, reduce costs and at the same time, the stability of the urban basic medical insurance system operation, but also plays an importa。

3.求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分

4.毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求：

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品，原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。

7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

5.毕业论文外文资料

外文资料可以到外文数据库找，如：ELSEVIER数据库等

检索技巧：选择与检索主题密切相关的检索词；

包含常用词及专业词汇；如：kidney disease OR renal failure;

包括同义词和缩写形式；如：mri OR magnetic resonance imaging;

避免使用过于宽泛的词汇：如：influence;

使用单词的单数形式；

使用单数单词将可以检索到大多数单词单数、复数和所有格如：city---city,cities,city's,cities'

一般这一规则对不规则单词可能不适用；

优先顺序 OR AND AND NOT

例：genes OR chromosomes W/5 splicing OR cloning

(genes OR chromosomes W/5 splicing) OR cloning

运用临近符进行作者检索

例： raymond W/3 smith 可检索到Raymond Smith, Raymond J. Smith and

Raymond J.

6.毕业论文外文文献

Articles on Tax Resistance, Including: Whiskey Rebellion, Free Trade Zone, Starve the Beast, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion, Institute for Fiscal Studi

Articles on International Business, Including: Free Trade, Bilderberg Group, Special Economic Zone, Multinational Corporation, Netherlands Institute

Free Trade Zone Factory Supervisors

Economy of Panama: Puebla-Panama Plan, International Rankings of Panama, Colon Free Trade Zone, Panamanian Balboa

Articles on Special Economic Zones, Including: Special Economic Zone, Free Trade Zone, Xiamen Special Economic Zone, Pudong, Xiangshan County, Guangdo

毕业论文人事外文

毕业论文里的外文在哪找(请问本科生毕业论文的外文翻译去哪里找)

1.请问本科生毕业论文的外文翻译去哪里找

先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英

文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文

献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。

第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。

第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。

第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。

1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）

3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。

5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义，并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证与步骤； d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

一，选题要新颖。

这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。

二，大量文献做基础

仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗

三，一气呵成

做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。

四，尽量采用多的专业术语

可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。

五，用正规格式书写

参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。

六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程

如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。

七，成稿打印好交给导师

无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。

八，听取导师意见，仔细修改

导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。

2.毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的

1、手工查找图书馆外文期刊

2、检索图书馆外文数据库

推荐两个外文数据库，分别是EBSCOhost( 或：） /education/reference/papers/ 英语毕业论文[1829] 毕业论文的引文[208] 毕业论文选题和观点方面的…[139] 毕业论文的评价[83] /Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=1398 教育论文网：）很多的 /lw/list3-1.htm 英语论文：） /lw/list3-1.htm UMI外文博硕论文库 Springer外文期刊 EBSCO外文期刊 OCLC NetLibrary图书 SPE和SPWLA全文资料下载万方外文传递系统西文期刊目次数据库（CCC）两种外刊在线美国石油工程师学会（SPE）会议论文 cnpLINKer（中图链接服务） Socolar（教图链接服务）以上网站也可以找到，只是收费的.。

毕业论文里的外文在哪找

外文医学毕业论文(求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分)

1.求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分

2.外文医学论文翻译软件最好用哪个

自己翻译是最好的，不然就去购买人工翻译。一般情况下，为了速度，可以先机器翻译（如：谷歌翻译、百度翻译、有道翻译、必应翻译等等），再在其基础上结合专业医学词典翻译。不过对于英语水平一般的人来说很难有好的翻译效果，建议选择专业的翻译机构。

专业的论文翻译机构对每一篇论文进行专业编辑，修改语法、拼写、逻辑、专业术语等错误，改写句子，局势调整，并提出专业的优化建议，论文发表成功率调高2.8倍，论文接收率高达90%。

比如国际科学编辑的翻译项目由两名资深的国内翻译和一名与您专业背景类似的英语母语专家共同完成。所有译员和国外编辑都拥有博士学位，且具备丰富的SCI论文发表经验。翻译初稿将完整的表达客户的原意，不增加不删减。如客户有特别需求，请另外说明。

润色稿将保证通过杂志社的语言评审，如作者在投稿之前未对我们的润色稿做任何改动，却因语言问题被杂志社退回，国际科学编辑将对之前的修改稿免费安排再次润色。

3.求一篇毕业论文的相关外文资料,高分

4.如何写医学毕业论文

论文格式要求一、论文篇幅： 3000—4500字，论文必须包含200字左右的中、英文摘要及3-4个关键词。

二、论文格式：（一）题目、署名及层次格式、文字、字数要求： 1、文稿采用A4幅面word文档；中文标题为三号宋体，正文为小四号仿宋体；英文字体为Times New Roman，标题字号为三号，字母全部大写；如有副标题，另起一行，首字母大写，正文为小四号字体；文稿应加注页码。 2、题目居中，署名及单位标在题目下，例如：数字城市化进程王赵（大学系，北京100001）（设计院，天津300001）需作叙述时，可在当页下方划一条横线，在横线下加说明。

3、摘要和关键词，写在题目下、正文前。 4、论文的层次，统一要求采用： 1 1.1 （占一行或接排。

当接排时，标题后要加标点） 1.1.1 *1.1.1.1（二）文稿和图稿其它要求： 1、正确阐述技术内容。名词术语应符合国家有关标准、规范。

如所采用的名词术语尚未编定时，可采用各业务部门和科研单位常用的名词术语，不要任意用简称、方言。 2、准确使用标点符号，注意：（1）标题、图题、表名后及公式后不用标点；（2）阿拉伯数字的起止（范围）号用“~”，如： “20~30”,“8%~10%”,“0~10oC” 3、对正文中的某些问题需加以说明时，可用“呼应注”（也叫脚注），即在所要加注处的右上角标注“①、②……”，同时在本页末留出位置，划一横线与正文隔开，在横线下注明“①、②……”。

4、计量单位采用国务院颁发的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位》，一律用拉丁文书写。 5、外文字母写成印刷体，同时注意将正斜体、大小写分清楚。

6、数字的书写（统计数、各种计量及图表编号等各种顺序号）均用阿拉伯数字，世纪、年代、月、日和时刻均用阿拉伯数字，并一概用全称。 7、表格、公式、样图均要编号，每篇论文加注流水号，例如：图1、图2，表1、表2，公式⑴、公式⑵。

8、照片要求清晰、层次分明，非彩印书尽量用黑白照片。墨线图要大小适当，图线要规整。

照片、图稿等电子文件需备份一份随稿件一并提交。 9、参考文献的项目要列全，例如： [1]主编.结构力学.北京：出版社，2003 [2]主编.城市规划.上海：出版社，2001 （三）文稿最后应有附件页，注明作者个人信息，。

5.毕业论文中的外文文献怎么写啊,我做的是访客通安全管理系统

14.4.2 外文文献

各类外文文献的文后参考文献格式与中文示例相同；为了计算机检索方便，建议题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母大写，期刊的刊名等可用全称或按ISO 4规定的缩写格式。为了减少外文刊名引用不规范所造成的引文统计及链接误差，建议以（SXXXX-XXXX）格式在刊名后加ISSN号。例：

[24]JONES R M.Mechanics of Composite Materials[M].New York:McGraw Hill Book Company,1975.

[25]Marcel Merle.Sociologie des Relations Internationales[M]. 4th ed. Paris: Dalloz,1988.

[26]CHERNIK B E. Introduction to Library Services for Library Technicians[M]. Littleton,Colo.:Libraries Unlimited,Inc,1982.

[27]International Federation of Library Association and Institutions.Names of Persons:National Usages for Entry in Catalogues[M]. 3rd ed.London:IFLA International Office for UBC,1977ر

[28]Klaus Hildbrand.Das Drite Reich[M].Müchen:Bund-Verlag GmbH,1979.

[29]Григорян С В.Рудничная Геохимия[M].Москва： Недра，1992.

6.毕业论文外文文献翻译

去百度文库，查看完整内容> 内容来自用户：秦园园毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班级：学号：姓名：学院：软件学院专业：指导教师：2014年6月英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisStruts——An Open-source MVC ImplementationThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have work。

7.医学外文文献什么数据库好

使用UTH国际的芝麻秘语翻译软件吧。

芝麻秘语是 UTH 国际旗下的一款具有较高影响力的跨语言即时互译工具，以其极简、极速、极致的特点支持多格式文档的智能翻译，且自带翻译记忆功能。大量用户的实践和反馈证明，芝麻秘语广泛适用于高校硕博士生和科研人员等用户群体的产学研需求。

对于广大高校师生，尤其是硕博士生而言，海量阅读各种语言的学术论文、专业文献是学习和研究的必修课，在这个过程中攻克语言壁垒成为一大难题。

在芝麻秘语中，只需轻点鼠标，将文档拖拽至悬浮窗内，即可在10-15秒内快速输出译文，同时完整保留源文档的文件格式和页面排版，实现同格式下的快速阅读。

芝麻秘语支持25种语言和 Word、Excel、PPT 等12 种格式的文档解析，可同步处理5个不同格式的文档翻译，较于以往仅靠逐字逐句复制黏贴获取翻译的常规工具而言，在提高效率节省翻译时间上具有显著的优势。

在翻译方面，芝麻秘语根植于UTH国际专有的百亿级句对的人工精准翻译大数据，辅以谷歌翻译API数据调用，确保其平均翻译质量优于传统翻译方式。更为重要的是，借助于共用的语料大数据后台，芝麻秘语还通过UTH国际的语料库电商平台——“译猫网”，不断聚集来自全球翻译人员和语言服务提供商的多样化且不断更新的鲜活的语料，从而确保用户在使用中明显体验到翻译质量的持续提升。

外文医学毕业论文

关于招聘的毕业论文外文译文

1.求一篇有关在线招聘的英文论文做外文翻译

Abstract: Salinger forties from the twentieth century since the publication of short stories, and in the sixties to become a prominent international figure, he has published his masterpiece, "The Catcher in the Rye" fame after a fire started to avoid public attention, then on Salinger's life becomes a mysterious, and he also like the same mystery. In this paper, the nature of autobiography from the novel "The Catcher in the Rye" JD Salinger in to get a glimpse of the spiritual world, from his religious beliefs, obsessed, anti-war, hate school, a sincere longing for a few aspects of this analysis to depth understanding of such a recluse writer JD Salinger.

Key words: Salinger; spiritual world; religious beliefs; infatuation; anti-war; dislike school; sincere longing; recluse

2.关于大学生就业方面的外文翻译

关于高校毕业生，十八届三中全会《决定》提出：促进以高校毕业生为重点的青年就业和农村转移劳动力、城镇困难人员、退役军人就业。

结合产业升级开发更多适合高校毕业生的就业岗位。政府购买基层公共管理和社会服务岗位更多用于吸纳高校毕业生就业。

健全鼓励高校毕业生到基层工作的服务保障机制，提高公务员定向招录和事业单位优先招聘比例。实行激励高校毕业生自主创业政策，整合发展国家和省级高校毕业生就业创业基金。

实施离校未就业高校毕业生就业促进计划，把未就业的纳入就业见习、技能培训等就业准备活动之中，对有特殊困难的实行全程就业服务。About the university graduates, eighteen of the Third Plenary Session"decision" proposed: to promote college graduates to focus on youth employment and the transfer of rural labor force, the urban poor,veterans employment. Combined with the industrial upgrading and develop more jobs for college graduates. Used to absorb more college graduates employment government purchase of public management and social service work. Encouraging college graduates to the grass-roots work service guarantee mechanism, improve the recruitment of civil servants Zhaolu proportional directional preference and institutions. The incentive of college graduates self employment policy, integration and development of national and Provincial College Graduates EmploymentVenture fund. The implementation of the employment of college graduates leave school employment promotion plan, the unemployed into the employment training, skills training, job preparation activities, with special difficult implementation of full employment service.。

3.关于大学生就业方面的外文翻译

关于高校毕业生，十八届三中全会《决定》提出：促进以高校毕业生为重点的青年就业和农村转移劳动力、城镇困难人员、退役军人就业。

结合产业升级开发更多适合高校毕业生的就业岗位。政府购买基层公共管理和社会服务岗位更多用于吸纳高校毕业生就业。

4.想要一篇毕业论文外文翻译,关于创业方面的

[题目] 中小科技型企业创业融资障碍分析 The Analysis of Financing Barriers for Small and Medium-sized Scientific and Technical Enterprises [摘要] 中小科技型企业比大企业更有活力，发展中小科技型企业对于促进我国国民经济的发展有非常重要的作用。

Abstract: Because small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) are more energic than big-sized enterprises, the development of small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises(SMSTEs) plays an important role in the promotion of China's national economy. 但是随着经济的发展，中小科技型企业在发展中的一些问题也逐渐显现出来，其中最为突出的就是融资问题。 However, with the development of economy, some problems of SMSTEs has been emerged gradually, among which the financing problem is the biggest one. 如何为中小科技型企业创造一个好的融资环境和通畅的融资渠道成为促进中小科技型企业健康快速发展的关键问题。

How to create good financing environment and free financing channels for SMSTEs, which becomes a key issue to boost the healthy and rapid development of SMSTEs 本文着重从多方面分析当前中小科技型企业在发展过程中融资难的原因，并提出了相关的对策建议，以期对解决中小科技型企业融资难的问题有所启示。 The paper focuses on analyzing the current reasons of hard financing in the development of SMSTEs from various aspects and brings forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions in order to solve the problem of hard financing for SMSTEs. [关键词] 中小科技型企业；融资；障碍；对策 Key words: Small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises(SMSTE), Financing, Barriers, Countermeasures 人工翻译的。

你自己安排一下格式就好了。题目和关键词中的大小写不要变。

文中的small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises简称是SMSTEs，只要在第一处用上全称并在括号里表明它的简称，后面表述中就只要用简称。 Abstract: With the rapid economic development, small and medium enterprises in China has grown into an important part of the national economy. Small and medium enterprises is to promote the development of the national economy, the main structure of the market economy, promote social stability and the basis of strength. At present, in particular, to ensure that the appropriate growth of the national economy, ease employment pressure and achieve rejuvenation through science and education, optimizing the economic structure, and so on, are playing an increasingly important role. However, the small and medium enterprises in the development of our country also faces many problems, which highlighted the problem of financing.。

5.各位高手,谁有人力资源管理方面英文文献及对应的中文翻译

Human Resources ManagementThe Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations. Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves because they can't yet afford part- or full-time help. However, they should always ensure that employees have -- and are aware of -- personnel policies which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have.Note that some people distinguish a difference between between HRM (a major management activity) and HRD (Human Resource Development, a profession). Those people might include HRM in HRD, explaining that HRD includes the broader range of activities to develop personnel inside of organizations, including, eg, career development, training, organization development, etc.There is a long-standing argument about where HR-related functions should be organized into large organizations, eg, "should HR be in the Organization Development department or the other way around?"The HRM function and HRD profession have undergone tremendous change over the past 20-30 years. Many years ago, large organizations looked to the "Personnel Department," mostly to manage the paperwork around hiring and paying people. More recently, organizations consider the "HR Department" as playing a major role in staffing, training and helping to manage people so that people and the organization are performing at maximum capability in a highly fulfilling manner人力资源管理人力资源管理（HRM）的功能包括各种各样的活动，其中之一是决定哪些关键人员需求你有和是否使用独立承包人或雇用员工来填补这些需要，招聘并培训，确保他们是最好的员工高表演者，处理性能问题，并确保您的人员和管理措施符合各项规章制度。

活动还包括管理你的员工福利和补偿方法、员工记录和人事政策。通常比较小的企业（盈利还是非盈利）不得不执行这些活动本身，因为他们还无法负担得起的作用，全职或帮助。

然而，他们应该总是确保员工——并且意识到——人事政策符合现行的法规。这些政策的形式往往是在员工手册，所有的雇员都有。

注意，有些人之间区别差异的一个主要经营活动人力资源管理（）和人力资源开发（人力资源开发、专业）。这些人也许包括人力资源管理在人力资源开发、解释人力资源发展包括更大范围的活动来培养人才里面的组织，包括，例如，职业发展，培训，组织开发等。

有一个长期哪里的争论相关人力资源的作用应被组织成大型组织，例如，“应当人力资源在组织发展部门或周围其它方式？”工厂的人力资源功能和人力资源开发行业发生了巨大的变化，在过去的20 - 30年。许多年以前，大型组织了“人事部门”，主要是处理作业在雇佣和支付的人。

最近，人力资源部组织认为的"扮演一个重要的角色”在人员招聘，培训，帮助管理人员，这样人们和组织的最大能力表现在一个高度实现的方式。

6.毕业论文的外文翻译要写什么内容

《关于毕业论文书写格式》关于毕业论文书写格式（参考某一学校的要求）论文书写格式论文全部要采用word 来书写，文件名统一为“report95´ ´ .doc”，其中´ ´ 代表自己的学号。

学位论文一般应包括下述几部分：论文首页格式：其中学位论文题目用黑体二号字，其余用宋体四号字论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，简明、恰当，一般不超过25个字。中文摘要及其关键词（宋体5号字b5排版）： 4 论文第二页为500字左右的中文内容摘要，应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。

学位论文摘要是学位论文的缩影，尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。论文摘要应尽量深入浅出，通俗易懂，少用公式字母，语言力求精炼、准确。

4 在本页的最下方另起一行，注明本文的关键词3╠5个。英文摘要及其关键词（宋体5号字b5排版）：论文第三页为英文摘要，内容与中文摘要和关键词相同。

学校名称：东北师范大学院（系）名称：计算机系本科生学号：学位论文题目学科、专业：计算机科学技术本科生姓名： _____ _ 指导教师姓名：_________ 指导教师职称：___________ 东北师范大学计算机系学位评定委员会年月摘要（粗宋体居中四号字）（空一行）摘要内容（宋体5号左对齐）（空一行）关键词：词1、词2 目录：论文各章节的详细目录。格式如下：计算机概论……… ………………………………..……1 1.1 计算机产生……..…………………………………………..1 1.2 计算机的发展……………………………………………..2 1.3 计算机中的进制 …………………………………………3 一二进制表示法…………………………………………..….3 第二章计算机文化基础……………………………………….6 其中：“章”部分使用宋粗体四号字；“节”部分采用宋体5号字引言（或序言）（宋体5号字b5排版）：内容为本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题，该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。

正文是学位论文的主体： 4 要求采用宋体5号字b5排版。每页36行，每行32个字。

页码打印在页面下方中间位置，论文装订后尺寸为标准b5复印纸的尺寸。页眉部分奇数页使用“东北师范大学计算机系学士学位论文”，偶数页使用论文题目的名称。

4 论文中图表、附注、参考文献、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字连续（或分章）编号。图序及图名置于图的下方；表序及表名置于表的上方；论文中的公式编号，用括弧括起写在右边行末，其间不加虚线。

4 学位论文一律在左侧装订，要求装订、剪切整齐，便于使用。 4 论文字数控制在1万字至3万字之间。

宋体3号字居中显示（空一行） §1.1 宋体4号字居中显示（空一行）粗宋体5号字左起正文部分宋体5号字，语言要简练，不能有错字、别字。也不能有错误的观点。

参考文献：按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序、列于文末。 [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。

文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。附录：包括放在正文内过分冗长的公式、以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性的数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。

7.毕业论文—外文翻译

Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society. Features Online banking solutions have many features and capabilities in common, but traditionally also have some that are application specific. The common features fall broadly into several categories Transactional (e.g., performing a financial transaction such as an account to account transfer, paying a bill, wire transfer。

and applications。 apply for a loan, new account, etc.) Electronic bill presentment and payment - EBPP Funds transfer between a customer's own checking and savings accounts, or to another customer's account Investment purchase or sale Loan applications and transactions, such as repayments Non-transactional (e.g., online statements, check links, cobrowsing, chat) Bank statements Financial Institution Administration - features allowing the financial institution to manage the online experience of their end users ASP/Hosting Administration - features allowing the hosting company to administer the solution across financial institutions Features commonly unique to business banking include Support of multiple users having varying levels of authority Transaction approval process Wire transfer Features commonly unique to Internet banking include Personal financial management support, such as importing data into a personal finance program such as Quicken, Microsoft Money or TurboTax. Some online banking platforms support account aggregation to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions。

[edit] History The precursor for the modern home online banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early '80s (the term online became popular in the late '80s). These services used the videotex system. In the US the first bank to offer these services did so in 1981 and by 1985 at least 37 banks offered videotex banking services. Because of the commercial failure of videotex these banking services never became popular except in France where the use of videotex (Minitel) was subsidised by the telecom provider. Security Protection through single password authentication, as is the case in most secure Internet shopping sites, is not considered secure enough for personal online banking applications in some countries. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. The PIN/TAN system where the PIN represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token. These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (this is called two-factor authentication or 2FA). Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encryption needed. Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Attacks Most of the attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are phishing and pharming. Cross-site scripting and keylogger/Trojan horses can also be used to steal login information. A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background. Countermeasures There exist several countermeasures which try to avoid attacks. Digital certificates are used against phishing and pharming, the use of class-3 card readers is a measure to avoid manipulation of transactions by the software in signature based online banking variants. To protect their systems against Trojan horses, users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. In 2001 the FFIEC issued guidance for multifactor authentication (MFA) and then required to be in place by the end of 2006. -------------------- 网路银行（或称线上银行、电子银行）常用转帐或付费功能上的银行服务。透过银行的网路安全机制，让客户可。

8.找毕业论文的外文翻译,要有外文原文和译文,题目是“论所有权的保

This shows that in the retention of title transactions, although the buyer has not yet made the subject matter of the ownership, but because it has actual possession or control of the subject matter, and subject matter for the possession, use and income. If the seller to the risk of the burden of responsibility obligations, it will lead to "the beneficiaries do not take risks, to take risks do not benefit from" the rights, obligations imbalance phenomenon, contrary to civil law and the principle of fairness.In addition, in theory, and risk are closely linked, and neither the ownership nor the creditors or the debtor's position, but the subject matter of the possession. Based on such considerations, the United States the "Uniform Commercial Code" also provides for the sale in order to retain ownership of the delivery time as a basis for determining the time standards for risk transfer. Therefore, in the subject matter of delivery, the buyer shall not be objects of the damage or loss to avoid the remainder of the loan payment obligations.Under normal circumstances, the subject matter of the risk of loss may result from natural causes, or it may be man-made reasons, we are discussing here is only limited to a third person against the subject matter of man-made losses after the allocation of damages in the case. Because the buyer has to continue to price the seller to pay the remaining obligations, and to assume the risk of loss of the subject matter, so should be allowed to request to the infringement damages. After obtaining the compensation price to the seller to pay the balance.Here mainly relates to two situations: First, where the subject matter of all the loss, for example, a value of five million yuan Xi A B buildings have the right to hire-purchase transactions, if B had been paid 150 million yuan, non-payment of the remaining 3.5 million yuan. And C deliberately burned down the whole house, and the value of the building was only 400 million, while C to B should be paid four million yuan as compensation.Because the subject matter of B should bear the damage, the risk of loss, so it should be paid to a surplus of 350 million, for the remaining 50 million dollars as the right to expect of their losses. If because of market fluctuations in the value of the building was only three million yuan, while at this time, B in addition to three million yuan will be delivered to A, it should also pay 500,000 yuan. The second case is part of the subject matter of the loss, or in the above example, the C deliberately set fire to buildings, but because of the timely rescue, only some of the losses caused by buildings.Calculated the total loss of 200 million will be at this point in the delivery of C B 2 million yuan compensation, may continue to pay a price to obtain the remaining ownership of the building. To sum up, I believe that retention of title from the seller and buyer in the sale of the risk burden on the perspective of research on the subject of a third person against damages, they can balance the interests of buyers and sellers, but also clear the two sides the relationship is, after all, a good policy.四、结语 Retention of title in the expectations of the buyer the right to civil law in Germany to discuss the most problems in 1900 from Germany, China and France since the implementation of the right to expect sentences of hundreds of scholars of the theory is the more voluminous. Professor Bauer has made: "In civil law, the did not have a problem, such as retention of title in the buyer's right to such a depth look forward to the researchers."142 This shows that on the retention of title in the buyer's expectations right to the civil law theory, a major difficulty, only the in-depth study before thinking of a title retention system to have a better understanding, in order to better play the effectiveness of the system, service in our social and economic life.。

关于招聘的毕业论文外文译文

毕业论文保健品外文译文

1.保健品厂类的英文文献和翻译

水解酸化hydrolysis-acidification reactor A solid organic waste is fermented in water in two phases, a hydrolysis/acidification phase and a methane fermentation phase. Solid organic waste is introduced in the first phase, of which waste at least 80% of the volume has a particle size larger than x mm, x being between 0.25 and 1.5 mm dependent on the introduced solid organic waste. The waste in the first phase is continuously or periodically stirred and is screened for the removal of particles smaller than x mm with liquid, whereafter the smaller particles are separated from the liquid and the so-separated liquid is at least mainly supplied to the methane fermentation space, while the separated smaller particles are recirculated to the first phase reactor and/or discharged。

2.保健品厂类的英文文献和翻译保健品厂类的污水处理,寻找一篇关于水

水解酸化hydrolysis-acidification reactor A solid organic waste is fermented in water in two phases, a hydrolysis/acidification phase and a methane fermentation phase。

Solid organic waste is introduced in the first phase, of which waste at least 80% of the volume has a particle size larger than x mm, x being between 0。 25 and 1。

5 mm dependent on the introduced solid organic waste。 The waste in the first phase is continuously or periodically stirred and is screened for the removal of particles smaller than x mm with liquid, whereafter the smaller particles are separated from the liquid and the so-separated liquid is at least mainly supplied to the methane fermentation space, while the separated smaller particles are recirculated to the first phase reactor and/or discharged。

3.毕业论文的外文翻译要写什么内容

正文是学位论文的主体： 4 要求采用宋体5号字b5排版。每页36行，每行32个字。

4 学位论文一律在左侧装订，要求装订、剪切整齐，便于使用。 4 论文字数控制在1万字至3万字之间。

参考文献：按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序、列于文末。 [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。

4.毕业论文的外文翻译直接抄已经翻译好的书可以么

可以的，外文翻译不查重，不计入论文抄袭。

翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料。

一般专业的学术网站，都会有相关的外文翻译，这个时候可以根据自己的论文话题，找到对应的学术网站去查找。如果实在找不到相关的外文翻译，可以去请教有经验的老师，他们应该都会有相关的参考网站，自己也可以有方向地寻找。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

一、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等。

二、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

三、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

四、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

五、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。

六、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。

七、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

八、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

九、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

参考资料：百度百科-毕业论文

毕业论文保健品外文译文

毕业论文外文文献译文

1.毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求：

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。

7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

2.毕业论文要求外文文献,外文文献需要全文翻译吗

这个不用全部翻译的，只要选择自己需要的内容翻译。

翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万。选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。

6、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

7、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

参考资料：百度百科-毕业论文

3.毕业论文的外文文献及翻译怎么弄

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品，原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。

如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。

这个中文版本就称为译文回答者： xffjy - 见习魔法师三级 10-22 11:52。

4.毕业论文外文文献翻译重要吗

其实也只是考验一下你的英语能力

不是特别的重要

但是也是必须要翻译的

只翻译一部分是不行的

一般要求5000字以上

主要目的也是锻炼一下

另外这也是毕业设计的一个任务

翻译一下有可能以后工作的时候会遇到类似的安排

要你翻译了什么的

锻炼一下还是挺不错的

了解一下专业的英文论文是怎么写的

大多人翻译的还是比较中文式的

这不合规矩

外文文献有外文的规定

借此了解一下

5000字两三天就搞定了

认真的话可以多研究研究

5.论文中外文文献的参考是不是说把外文文章里的内容翻译成中文放论文

1，不论是文末的参考文献还是行文中引文的外文文献，一般均用原始文献的名称、作者及出处.亦可视情在括号中译出中文文献名.2，如果是纸质文献，还需注明期刊期号（某年某期）或书籍原出版社及出版时间.如果是来自网络，当注明网址.3，如果采用的是中译本的外文文献，则直接用中译本作为参考文献.4，行文中引用外文文章，有两种办法，一是直接引用外文，（此办法多半用于比较专业的学术论文，读者均具有理解能力）或者在外文后用括号译成中文.另一种是直接译成中文，然后在译文后用括号给出原文，或者在注释中给出原文.视情而定.5，如果是给专业刊物投稿，最好了解一下该刊物对于参考文献列表以及注释的有关规定，按要求做.。

毕业论文外文文献译文

毕业论文译文出处

1.论文的注释怎么写啊

和“参考文献”是学术论文的必备部分，较有学术造诣的人士和专家历来都很重视“注释”和“参考文献”。他们阅读一篇论文，往往先看“注释”和“参考文献”。从“注释”和“参考文献”中可以看出论文作者对论题所涉及的有关文献了解情况，特别是对有关问题研究前沿成果了解的广度和深度。所以，论文写作时，必须十分重视“注释”和“参考文献”部分。

-----------------------------------------------------------

论文引用注释的格式

文中引文（包括观点、数据和材料等）须注明出处，即进行参考文献著录（本刊参考文献著录采用顺序编码制；在文中引文出现的地方用阿拉伯数字按序编码予以标明，并在文末列出参考文献表）。如果解释某些内容，或者引文来自经典著作、领导讲话、文件法规、内部资料、工具辞书，以及转引自有关文章，均可做为注释（说明作者、题名和出处）。

注释格式如下：

引自期刊： ① 作者：《题名》，《刊名》，****年第 *期，第 * 页

引自专著： ② 作者：《书名》，出版者及**** 年版，第 * 页

引自报纸： ③ 作者：《题名》，《报纸名》年-月-日（版次）参考文献著录格式如下：

引自期刊：〔 1〕作者（所有作者全列—下同）. 题名〔 J〕 . 刊名，出刊年，卷（期）：起止页码.

引自专著：〔2〕作者 . 书名〔 M〕 . 版次（初版不写）. 译者（指译著，所有译者全列） . 出版地：出版者，出版年 . 页码.

引自报纸：〔3〕作者 . 题名〔 N〕 . 报纸名，年-月-日（版次）.

引自论文集：〔4〕作者 . 题名〔 A〕 . 见：论文集编者 . 文集名〔 C〕 .出版地：出版者，出版年 . 页码.

引自会议论文：〔5〕作者 . 题名〔 Z〕 . 会议名称，会址，会议年份.

引自学位论文：〔6〕作者 . 题名〔 D〕：〔学位论文〕. 保存地：保存者，年份.

2.关于毕业论文资料来源

毕业论文是教学科研过程的一个环节，也是学业成绩考核和评定的一种重要方式。

毕业论文的目的在于总结学生在校期间的学习成果，培养学生具有综合地创造性地运用所学的全部专业知识和技能解决较为复杂问题的能力并使他们受到科学研究的基本训练。一、标题标题是文章的眉目。

各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。

（一）总标题总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有： ①揭示课题的实质。

这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。

诸如此类的标题很多，也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。

②提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。

这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，轻易激起读者的注重。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗？》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗？》等。

②交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。

拟定这种标题，一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳；另一方面，交代文章内容的范围，可引起同仁读者的注重，以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。

如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中心和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。 ④用判定句式。

这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。

这种从小处着眼，大处着手的标题，有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。

⑤用形象化的语句。如《激励人心的治理体制》、《科技史上的曙光》、《普照之光的理论》等。

标题的样式还有多种，作者可以在实践中大胆创新。（二）副标题和分标题为了点明论文的研究对象、研究内容、研究目的，对总标题加以补充、解说，有的论文还可以加副标题。

非凡是一些商榷性的论文，一般都有一个副标题，如在总标题下方，添上“与**商榷”之类的副标题。另外，为了强调论文所研究的某个侧重面，也可以加副标题。

如《如何看待现阶段劳动报酬的差别——也谈按劳分配中的资产阶级权利》、《开发蛋白质资源，提高蛋白质利用效率——探讨解决吃饭问题的一种发展战略》等。设置分标题的主要目的是为了清楚地显示文章的层次。

有的用文字，一般都把本层次的中心内容昭然其上；也有的用数码，仅标明“一、二、三”等的顺序，起承上启下的作用。需要注重的是：无论采用哪种形式，都要紧扣所属层次的内容，以及上文与下文的联系紧密性。

二、目录一般说来，篇幅较长的毕业论文，都没有分标题。设置分标题的论文，因其内容的层次较多，整个理论体系较庞大、复杂，故通常设目录。

设置目录的目的主要是： 1.使读者能够在阅读该论文之前对全文的内容、结构有一个大致的了解，以便读者决定是读还是不读，是精读还是略读等。 2.为读者选读论文中的某个分论点时提供方便。

长篇论文，除中心论点外，还有许多分论点。当读者需要进一步了解某个分论点时，就可以依靠目录而节省时间。

目录一般放置在论文正文的前面，因而是论文的导读图。要使目录真正起到导读图的作用，必须注重： 1.准确。

目录必须与全文的纲目相一致。也就是说，本文的标题、分标题与目录存在着一一对应的关系。

2.清楚无误。目录应逐一标注该行目录在正文中的页码。

标注页码必须清楚无误。 3.完整。

目录既然是论文的导读图，因而必然要求具有完整性。也就是要求文章的各项内容，都应在目录中反映出来，不得遗漏。

目录有两种基本类型： 1.用文字表示的目录。 2.用数码表示的目录。

这种目录较少见。但长篇大论，便于读者阅读，也有采用这种方式的。

三、内容提要内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。

内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。写作内容提要的目的在于： 1.为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。

2.为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，假如产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。

因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩啰嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。

内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。报道性提要，主要介。

3.论文语句的引文出处怎么标识方法

你下的文章后面就有参考文献，参照那个写毕业论文参考文献规范格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例一.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [一] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，二00四，二一（一）：5陆-5吧. [二] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，二00四（一）：四陆-5二. [三] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research，一999，（三）：陆二 – 陆漆. 二.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[四] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，二00一：四二. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan，一9吧5：四二-四5. 三.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [陆] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，一99吧-一二-二漆（三）. [漆] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly，一9吧漆-吧-一5（三三）. 四.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [吧] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，一9漆9：一二-一漆. [9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press，一9吧吧， pp.二漆一-三一三. [一0] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 一99陆. pp.50-漆吧. 5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [一一] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所，一9吧三：一-漆. 陆.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [一二] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院，一99漆：9-一0. 漆.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[一5] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].一99一—0陆—05 吧.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。

注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。四、参考文献参考文献与文中注（王小龙，二005）对应。

标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是一-陆等等，并列写出来。

参考资料：中国zhidao.baidu中国/question/一一二三5三二一5.htm。