毕业论文英文文献翻译的格式

毕业论文英文文献的格式规范(英文论文的参考文献是怎样的格式?)

1.英文论文的参考文献是怎样的格式?

根据学术堂的了解,参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。

接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。 I.文内引用 (一)直接引用 1.引用中的省略 原始资料的引用:在正文中直接引用时,应给出作者、年份,并用带括号的数字标出页码。

若有任何资料省略,使用英文时,应用3个省略号在句中标出(…),中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略,英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥),中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释,应使用方括号[ ]。

若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂,应在引用后立即插入[sic],中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例: 例一:The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) 。

. In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二:Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings 。. and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2.大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进4个空格,两端对齐,之后每行都缩进)。

当英文引用超过40字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进5个空格,左对齐,之后每行都缩进)。 Elkind (1978) states: In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptions as well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. (p.183) (二)间接引用 1.基本格式 同作者在同一段中重复被引用时,第一次必须写出日期,第二次以后则日期可省略。

a.英文文献:In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。 b.中文文献:李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性,…;李福印同时建议…。

2. 单一作者 a. 英文文献:姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏,出版或发表年代)。 例如:Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。

b. 中文文献:姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名,出版或发表年代)。 例如:杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中,2011)。

3.两个作者 英文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏,并使用“&”来连接,在正文中,使用“and”连接两名作者。 中文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名,并用顿号“、”来连接,在正文中,使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。

例如: (Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found。. In 1994 Smith and Jones researched。

. Always cite both names in text. 陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵,2008) 4.三至五个作者 英文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有的作者的姓氏,除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“,”;之后引用时,英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。 中文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有作者的姓名,除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时,用第一名作者加“等”字。

例如: Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences。. (第一次使用). Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests。

. (在段落中第二次使用). Starsburger et al. found discrepancies。. (在同一段落中再次使用,此时省略年份). 卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠,2005)。

(第一次使用) 卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等,2005)。(第二次使用) 5.六个作者及以上 使用英文时,只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时,只列出第一名作者的姓名,再加上“等”。

例如: Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003) 王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007) 6.团体作者 使用中文时,第一次用全称,比如,(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院],2001);之后可以用简称,比如,首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。 使用英文时,第一次引用时,拼出团体,比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示,比如,The NIMH (1996) examined。

.。 7.没有作者的文献 当一部作品没有作者时,在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。

比如,一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds。

毕业论文英文文献翻译的格式,毕业论文英文文献引用格式,毕业论文英文文献参考格式

2.英文文献格式

[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧,是他们的成就的表现。

如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer's financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22 [29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22 希望有帮助。

呵呵 你看看,对你有帮助:毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码.【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.条例 【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著 【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者,译.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.三、注释 注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

四、参考文献 参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。

多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。

英文,毕业论文,文献,规范

3.论文里面的英文参考文献是怎么规范的

如果你写的中文文章,就按照国内杂志的统一格式书写,附如下 如果要发表在国外杂志,按照各杂志特定格式引用,和国内的是不一样的。

1 参考文献是对期刊论文引文进行统计和分析的重要信息源之一,在本规范中采用GB7714推荐的顺序编码制格式著录。­ ­ 2 参考文献著录项目­ a.主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。

多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”。主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。

­ b.文献题名及版本(初版省略)。­ c.文献类型及载体类型标识。

­ d.出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。­ e.文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。

­ f.文献起止页码。­ g.文献标准编号(标准号、专利号……)。

­ ­ 3 参考文献类型及其标识­ (1) 根据GB3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:­ 参考文献类型 专著 论文集 报纸文章 期刊文章 学位论文 报告 标准 专利 ­ 文献类型标识 M C N J D R S P ­ (2) 对于专著、论文集中的析出文献,其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”;对于其他未说明的文献类型,建议采用单字母“Z”。­ (3) 对于数据库(database)、计算机程序(computer program)及电子公告(electronic bulletin board)等电子文献类型的参考文献,建议以下列双字母作为标识:­ 电子参考文献类型 数据库 计算机程序 电子公告­ 电子文献类型标识 DB CP EB ­ (4) 电子文献的载体类型及其标识­ 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献,当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时标明其载体类型。

本规范建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型:­ 磁带 (magnetic tape)——MT,磁盘(disk)——DK,光盘(CD-ROM)——CD,­ 联机网络(online)——OL,并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识:­ [文献类型标识/载体类型标识]如: ­ [DB/OL]——联机网上数据库(database online)­ [DB/MT]——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)­ [M/CD]——光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM)­ [CP/DK]——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)­ [J/OL]——网上期刊(serial online)­ [EB/OL]——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)­ 以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。­ ­ 4 文后参考文献表编排格式­ 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后;表上以“参考文献:”(左顶格)或“[参考文献]”(居中)作为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格,并用数字加方括号表示,如[1]、[2]、…,以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。

参照ISO690及ISO690-2,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下: ­ ­ a.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(可选).­ [1] 刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录 ­­.北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.­ [2] 辛希孟.信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994.­ [3] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983.­ [4] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析 ­­.北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997.­ ­ b.期刊文章­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.­ [5] 何龄修.读顾城《南明史》[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.­ [6] 金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33(4):62-67.­ ­ c.论文集中的析出文献­ [序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码.­ [7] 钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵玮.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996.468-471.­ ­ d.报纸文章­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).­ [8] 谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).­ ­ e. 国际、国家标准­ [序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].­ [9] GB/T16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].­ ­ f.专利­ [序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期.­ [10] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-26.­ ­ g.电子文献­ [序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).­ [11] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]. ,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.­ [12] 万锦坤.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.­ ­ h.各种未定义类型的文献­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z]。

4.英文论文的具体格式是什么

每个学校的要求的格式都是不同的这个格式你学校的网址会有或者你找指导老师要实在不行,告诉我你的学校,你发给你1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。

字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。

关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。

主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。

引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

(2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。

中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

5.英文论文中 使用中国的国家标准作为参考文献 格式如何

直接按找发表中文论文格式的写就行了,看中文论文的时候,还不是有英文文献参考,德语文献参考,日语文献参考。

8.标准

【格式】[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].

【举例】

[14] GB/T 16159-1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则 [S]

至于格式,根据期刊的不同,形式也多样。最好的办法是:确定所投期刊后,在相应期刊类收索关键词chinese

或china patent,找到其在文献中如何写的,照搬就是。如该期刊没有,找其他期刊,找到,就随便照搬一个格式,一般没问题,有问题,编辑会给出纠正的建议。/201001/1827259.html

6.英语论文的标准格式是什么~~

一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。

接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。

无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

毕业论文英文文献的格式规范

土木工程毕业论文英文和翻译(土木工程英语论文翻译)

1.土木工程英语论文翻译

可以看看这个 呵呵 是 土木专业英语上的课文 building types and designA building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960's a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we're chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can 。

毕业论文英文文献翻译怎么弄,毕业论文英文文献翻译的格式,毕业论文的英文摘要怎么翻译

2.我想翻译一篇土木工程的文献 英译汉的

位移矢量的组件将被用,。如果这些位移不是常数在整个场有变形,或菌株。在图13.1菌株在x,y平面显示。

长度的变化的一个元素的原始长度,除以该原始长度,是横向应变。这种应变可表示为位移

差异,见图13.1,通过:

长度的变化的一个元素的原始长度,除以该原始长度、纵向应变。其定义的角度位移,见图13.1,

Becausecan增加在y方向,只有x轴向,正确的角在左下角的元素可能会变得有点小。一个一半的这种减少是指示为剪切应变,

相似的菌株可能发生在其他飞机,当然,类似的定义。在三维情况下的基因艾尔的定义应变组件:

英文,土木工程,毕业论文,翻译

3.跪求一篇关于土木工程的中英文翻译论文 5000字 毕业用的 在线等

Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section,fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints,satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3–5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures.* Corresponding 改进非线性塑性铰空间框架结构的分析 摘要:这份研究报告表明三维的框架结构与二维逻辑性塑性铰的关联,梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入横断面移动为基准,并考虑轴力、弯曲和扭力的移位之间的关系。

发达的计算机程序作出通过每个物质成分作为一个基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可弯曲的负载量,它也能预报可弯曲负载量与轴向扭力和横向扭力的不稳定性的关联,这对预报非线性空间结构的作用是必不可少的,以便非线性空间结构的性能和部分成分一些原理能被输入计算机。重要的非线性通过使用浓缩的塑性铰方式被制作模型,塑性铰和成分末端是容许存在。

数值的例子包括集合学和重要的非线性,两者习惯于证明目的的分析方法和电脑程序的稳定性,精确性。

4.急需土木工程毕业论文相关的英语翻译,一万个单词,有的帅哥美女们

Paper Keywords: civil status and development trendAbstract: Modern Civil Engineering keep human society to create a new physical environment, as human society, an important part of modern civilization. This article discusses the meaning of Civil Engineering, status and future trends. the history of human civilization, civil engineering and the natural struggle in constant progress and development. In China's modernization construction, civil engineering sector has increasingly become a pillar industry in national economic development. Meanwhile, with the social and technological development, building size, functionality, style and the corresponding large-scale construction techniques become more complex and diverse, using new materials, new equipment, new technology and the construction of the structure rapid technological change, energy-saving technology, information control, ecological technology, the combination of growing and building, construction and building itself is a complex support of many new technologies. The high-rise and large span buildings, large span bridges and structures as large and complex technology is the core of modern structures to represent the development of a country's level of construction science and technology an important symbol. All of this is that more and more in civil engineering technology and innovation reflects the role, who can grasp the turn of the century the development trend of the Civil Engineering discipline. Who will be able to create a knowledge economy era of the Civil Engineering disciplines.First, the meaning of Civil of various types of civil engineering facilities is the science, technology and engineering in general. Civil Engineering are two aspects to understand the meaning. Layer of meaning refers to human life and production activities related to various types of engineering facilities, such as construction, road and urban road projects, hydropower and water conservancy bureau dam, railway engineering, bridge engineering, tunnel engineering, engineering, development and utilization of underground space . Another layer of meaning refers to the application materials for the construction of project facilities, construction equipment, carried out on the land survey, design, construction and other engineering activities. After years of development, civil engineering practice and research has made remarkable achievements, both mechanical analysis of the structure, or design theory and methods and structure of the project means to have a very big breakthrough; particularly in the last several years , at the top, large span structures and steel in particular has performed amazing. However, the future, there are still many areas of civil engineering issues we need to be further explored.Second, the development status of Civil EngineeringChina Civil Engineering Construction 50s from the 20th century has not stopped since, and has developed rapidly, especially in recent years, the development is extremely rapid, almost the whole of China has become a big construction site. The new high-rise buildings, exhibition centers, railways, highways, bridges, ports and waterways in large water sprung up across the country, the new structure, new materials, new technology and vigorously research, development and application. Rapid development, the number is huge, so amazed the world.End of 2000, China's railway operator has reached 67,800 kilometers away, the world No. 4, in Asia. Urban Light Rail and Metro Rail towards the development of the two sides. Meanwhile, China is also actively building high-speed railway between Wuhan and Guangzhou high-speed railway operating time is only 4 hours. In addition, the magnetic levitation train is also developing. Bridge project has also made remarkable achievements, along with the constant renovation of the bridge types, the main breakthrough in cross-span again. Yangpu Bridge, Nanpu Bridge, Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and other built-span bridges span both the structure indicates that China has reached a new level, has entered the ranks of the advanced world level. At present, China has built three meters above the bridge, 800m above the bridge 8, 600m above the bridge 15, 400m above the bridge 40, Chongqing Wanxian hole span of 420m of reinforced concrete on the bridge has attracted a great world counterparts interest. In water construction, 50 years to build medium and small reservoirs nationwide 86,000, total reservoir storage capacity of 458 billion cubic meters. Embankment 。

5.跪求关于土木工程方面的英语翻译论文,中英文都有的~~~

太长了,我把中英分开吧.土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程,它是建造各种工程的统称。

它既指建设的对象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程设施,也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测,设计施工,保养,维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展,至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科,它已经出许多分支,如:建筑工程,铁路工程,道路工程,桥梁工程,特种工程结构,给水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,环境工程等学科。

土木工程共有六个专业:建筑学,城市规划,土木工程,建筑环境与设备工程,给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科,有其重要的属性:综合性,社会性,实践性,统一性。

土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础,对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用,工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程,因此,建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。 . 古代的土木工程有很长的时间跨度,大致从公元前500年新石器时代出现原始的土木工程活动到16世纪末意大利的文艺复兴,导致土木工程走上迅速发展的道路为止,前后经历了两千多年。

在这段时间内,由于科学理论发展及其缓慢,土木工程也没有突破习惯的发展。 从17世纪中页开始到20 世纪40年代第二次世界大战结束为止的300年间,国外的建筑取得了长足的进步。

土木工程进入了定量分析阶段。一些理论的发展,新材料的出现,新工具的发明,都使土木工程科学日渐完善和成熟。

到了近代,二战结束之后,许多国家经济起飞,现代科学日益进步,从而为进一步发展提供了强大的动力和物质基础。 人们生活水平的不断提高,必然要求越来越舒适的居住环境,在这种情况下,建筑的发展直接推动了土木工程的发展。

总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科,它已经取得了巨大的成就,未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化,人口的不断增加,人们为了争取生存,为了争取更舒适的生存环境,必将更加重视土木工程。

在不久的将来,一些重大项目将会陆续兴建,插入云霄的摩天大楼,横跨大样的桥梁,更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展,以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展,为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。

近年来,工程材料主要是钢筋,混凝土,木材和砖材,在未来,传统材料将得到改观,一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世,尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时,设计方法的精确化,设计工作的自动化,信息和智能话技术的全面引入,将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。

一句话,理论的发展,新材料的出现,计算机的应用,高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃. English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project. Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering 。

6.求一篇英文一万字,土木工程方面的英文文献翻译,中文大概三四千字

4.5 Strength criteria for isotropic rock material4.5.1 Types of strength criterionA peak strength criterion is a relation between stress components which will permit the peak strengths developed under various stress combinations to be predicted. Similarly, a residual strength criterion may be used to predict residual strengths under varying stress conditions. In the same way, a yield criterion is a relation between stress components which is satisfied at the onset of permanent deformation. Given that effective stresses control the stress-strain behaviour of rocks, strength and yield criteria are best written in effective stress form. However, around most mining excavations, the pore-water will be low, if not zero, and so .For this reason it is common in mining rock mechanics to use total stresses in the majority of cases and to use effective stress criteria only in special circumstance. The data presented in the preceding sections indicate that the general form of the peak strength criterion should be (4.8)This is sometimes written in terms of the shear, and normal stresses, on a particular plane in the specimen: (4.9)Because the available data indicate that the intermediate principal stress, has less influence on peak strength than the minor principal stress, all of the criteria used in practice are reduced to the form (4.10)4.5.2 Coulomb's shear strength criterionIn one of the classic paper of rock and of engineering science, Coulomb(1977) postulated that the shear strengths of rock and of soil are made up of two part – a constant cohesion and a normal stress-dependent frictional component. (Actually, Coulomb presented his ideas and calculations in terms of forces; the differential concept of stress that we use today was not introduced until the 1820s.) Thus, the shear strength that can be developed on a plane such as ab in figure 4.22 is (4.11)Where c=cohesion and Ф= angle of internal friction.Applying the stress transformation equation to the case shown in figure 4.22 givesAndSubstitution for and s = τ in equation 4.11 and rearranging gives the limiting stress condition on any plane defined by β as (4.12) There will be a critical plane on which the available shear strength will be first reaches as б1 is increased. The Mohr circle construction of Figure 4023a given the orientation of this critical plane as (4.13)This result may also be obtained by putting d(s-τ)/dβ = 0 For the critical plane, sin2β = cosФ, cos2β = -sinФ, and equation 4.12 reduces to (4.14)This linear relation between and the peak value of is shown in Figure 4.23b. Note that the slope of this envelope is related to Ф by the equation (4.15)And that the uniaxial compressive strength is related to c and Ф by (4.16) If the Coulomb shown in Figure 4.23b is extrapolated to = 0, it will intersect the axis at an apparent value of uniaxial strength of the material given by (4.17)The measurement of the uniaxial tensile strength of rock is fraught with difficulty. However, when it is satisfactorily measured, it takes values that are generally lower than those predicted value of uniaxial tensile stress, =0. Although it is widely used, Coulomb's criterion is not a particularly satisfactory peak strength criterion for rock material. The reasons for this are:(a) It implies that a major shear fracture exist at peak strength. Observations such as those made by Wawersik and Fairhurst(1970) show that is not always the case.(b) It implies a direction of shear failure which does not always agree with experimental observations.(c) Experimental peak strength envelopes are generally non-linear. They can be considered linear only over limited ranges of or . For these reasons, other peak strength criteria are preferred for intact rock. However, the Coulomb criterion can provide a good representation of residual strength conditions, and more particularly, of the shear strength of discontinuities in rock (section 4.7).4.5.3 Griffith crack theoryIn another of the classic papers of engineering science, Griffith (1921) postulated that fracture of brittle materials, such as steel and glass, is initial at tensile stress concentrations at the tips of minute, thin cracks (now referred to as Griffith based his determination of the conditions under which a crack would extend on his energy instability concept: A crack will extend only when the total potential energy of the system of applied forces and material decreases or remains constant with an increase in crack length.ROCK STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY For the case in which the potential energy of the applied forces is taken to be constant throughout, the criterion for crack extension may be written (4.19)Where c is a crack length parameter, We is the 。

7.翻译一篇土木工程的论文摘要

On the Building Construction Problems and Suggestions

Abstract

With the accelerated process of urbanization, China has become the world's largest national housing construction, thereby increasing the quality of construction is particularly important. To improve construction quality, we must first do a good job engineering survey and design, followed by the owner, design, construction, supervision and other parties of the collaboration is a prerequisite for quality assurance. Furthermore, we need standardized supervision and strengthen the quality of the construction supervision team and do a visa process sub-projects a good job in technological innovation. For the benefit of future generations, prevent and reduce accidents, to protect people's lives and property safety, so that society as a whole focus on quality. Engineering Quality in Construction problem is the core issue is to determine the key to the success of project construction. With economic development, engineering, construction tasks, increasing the quality engineering continue to emerge at the same time, there's shabby work to make the country suffer great losses to people's lives and posed a serious threat aroused widespread concern.

Keywords: construction, construction management, engineering, quality, supervision

我是按照楼主的格式翻译的,你看看满意否。

土木工程毕业论文英文和翻译

毕业论文翻译英文文献格式(论文中英语参考文献的书写格式(详细))

1.论文中英语参考文献的书写格式(详细)

B:期刊文章

〔序号〕主要责任者.文献题名〔J〕.刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码

〔1〕何龄修.读南明史〔J〕.中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.

〔2〕OU J P,SOONG T T,et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems〔J〕.Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.

毕业论文英文文献翻译的格式,毕业论文翻译英文文献算抄袭吗,毕业论文英文文献引用格式

2.英文论文的参考文献是怎样的格式?

根据学术堂的了解,参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。

接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。 I.文内引用 (一)直接引用 1.引用中的省略 原始资料的引用:在正文中直接引用时,应给出作者、年份,并用带括号的数字标出页码。

若有任何资料省略,使用英文时,应用3个省略号在句中标出(…),中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略,英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥),中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释,应使用方括号[ ]。

若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂,应在引用后立即插入[sic],中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例: 例一:The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) 。

. In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二:Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings 。. and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2.大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进4个空格,两端对齐,之后每行都缩进)。

当英文引用超过40字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进5个空格,左对齐,之后每行都缩进)。 Elkind (1978) states: In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptions as well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. (p.183) (二)间接引用 1.基本格式 同作者在同一段中重复被引用时,第一次必须写出日期,第二次以后则日期可省略。

a.英文文献:In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。 b.中文文献:李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性,…;李福印同时建议…。

2. 单一作者 a. 英文文献:姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏,出版或发表年代)。 例如:Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。

b. 中文文献:姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名,出版或发表年代)。 例如:杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中,2011)。

3.两个作者 英文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏,并使用“&”来连接,在正文中,使用“and”连接两名作者。 中文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名,并用顿号“、”来连接,在正文中,使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。

例如: (Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found。. In 1994 Smith and Jones researched。

. Always cite both names in text. 陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵,2008) 4.三至五个作者 英文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有的作者的姓氏,除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“,”;之后引用时,英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。 中文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有作者的姓名,除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时,用第一名作者加“等”字。

例如: Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences。. (第一次使用). Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests。

. (在段落中第二次使用). Starsburger et al. found discrepancies。. (在同一段落中再次使用,此时省略年份). 卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠,2005)。

(第一次使用) 卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等,2005)。(第二次使用) 5.六个作者及以上 使用英文时,只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时,只列出第一名作者的姓名,再加上“等”。

例如: Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003) 王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007) 6.团体作者 使用中文时,第一次用全称,比如,(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院],2001);之后可以用简称,比如,首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。 使用英文时,第一次引用时,拼出团体,比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示,比如,The NIMH (1996) examined。

.。 7.没有作者的文献 当一部作品没有作者时,在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。

比如,一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds。

英文,毕业论文,文献,翻译

3.英文文献格式

[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧,是他们的成就的表现。

如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer's financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22 [29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22 希望有帮助。

呵呵 你看看,对你有帮助:毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码.【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.条例 【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著 【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者,译.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.三、注释 注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

四、参考文献 参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。

多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。

4.毕业论文的外文文献及翻译怎么弄

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。

如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。

这个中文版本就称为译文 回答者: xffjy - 见习魔法师 三级 10-22 11:52。

5.英文论文的详细格式

英文论文的详细格式:一、标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

二、提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。

各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。

如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。三、摘要1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。

(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,1.5倍行间距。4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。四、正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。

段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。五、文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。

美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。六、文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。

美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。

在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

扩展资料:发表论文作用:论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。

不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的。

毕业论文翻译英文文献格式

毕业论文英文文献格式及要求(英文文献格式)

1.英文文献格式

[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧,是他们的成就的表现。

如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer's financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22 [29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22 希望有帮助。

呵呵 你看看,对你有帮助:毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码.【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.条例 【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著 【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者,译.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.三、注释 注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

四、参考文献 参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。

多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。

毕业论文英文文献翻译的格式,毕业论文英文文献引用格式,毕业论文英文文献字体格式

2.英文论文的参考文献是怎样的格式?

[2]A.Broader,A.M.Frieze,E.Shamir,and E.Upfal(作者姓名), Near-perfect Token Distribution(论文名称), in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)(论文发表在的出版物名称(期刊号)或会议名称). 又如, [8]F.E.Bustamante and Y.Qiao,Designing Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,2005.。

英文,毕业论文,文献,格式

3.英文论文的详细格式

英文论文的详细格式:一、标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

二、提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。

各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。

如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。三、摘要1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。

(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,1.5倍行间距。4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。四、正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。

段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。五、文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。

美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。六、文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。

美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。

在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

扩展资料:发表论文作用:论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。

不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的。

4.英语论文的标准格式是什么~~?

一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。

接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。

无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

5.请问论文中的英文的参考文献的标准格式是什么?在网上看了多种,

参考文献著录项目:

① 主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”(英文作者请将作者名写全)。主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。②. 文献题名及版本(初版省略)。③ 文献类型及载体类型标识。④ 出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。⑤ 文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。⑥ 文献起止页码。⑦ 文献标准编号(标准号、专利号……)。

如:

[1] 李炳穆.理想的图书馆员和信息专家的素质与形象[J].图书情报工作,2000(2):5-8.

[2] 陶仁骥.密码学与数学[J].自然杂志,1984,7(7):527.

[3] 亚洲地质图编目组.亚洲地层与地质历史概述[J].地质学报,1978,3:194-208.

[4] DES MARAIS D J,STRAUSS H,SUMMONS R E,et a1.Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment[J].Nature,1992,359:605-609.

[5] HEWITT J A.Technical services in 1 983[J].Library Resource Services,1984,28(3):205-218.

6.外文参考文献的标准格式

很显然 如果前面那段没有符号的就是提名的话 那么缺少了 作者和来源

根据我的猜测 咱给你分割分割

【1】HIMANISH DAS,Useful Byproducts from Cellulosic Wastes of Agriculture and Food Industry-A Critical Appraisal Critical Reviews[J] . Food Science and Nutrition Boca Raton, 2004, 44(2):77~90

以上就是格式了

算了 我今天就吃亏点 把咱学校论文中 参考文献的格式和你说一下吧:

参考文献

A.正文中的参考文献格式:

***[3],*********[3,6],**********************************[3-6]。[5号Times New Roman,上标;[3]表示第三篇文献,[3,6]表示第三篇和第六篇文献,[3-6]表示第三,四,五,六篇连续的文献]

B. 后面参考文献的格式:

参考文献[宋体;五号;加粗;居中;段前段后各空一行]

[1] 张毅. 铸造工艺CAD及其应用[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社,1994: 14-15

[2] Huang S C, Huang Y M, Shieh S M. Vibration and stability of a rotating shaft containing a transerse crack [J]. J Sound and Vibration, 1993, 162(3): 387-401

[3] 陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究[D].西安:西安建筑科学大学,2000

{五号字体,中文为楷体_GB2312,英文和数字为Times New Roman,1.3倍行距,两端对齐(不是分散对齐)。

(1)专著格式:

[序号] 编著者. 书名[M]. 版本(第1版不标注),出版地: 出版社,年代: 起止页码

(2)期刊论文格式:

[序号] 作者(不超过3人者全部列出,超过者只列前3名,后加“等”或“et al.

”). 论文名称[J]. 期刊名称,年度,卷(期):起止页码

(3)学位论文格式:

[序号] 作者. 学位论文名称[D]. 发表地:学位授予单位,年度}

__________________________________________________________________________________

最后,西瓜,好评给我 要不然明天烘了你实验室。。。哈哈哈哈

7.论文里面的英文参考文献是怎么规范的

如果你写的中文文章,就按照国内杂志的统一格式书写,附如下 如果要发表在国外杂志,按照各杂志特定格式引用,和国内的是不一样的。

1 参考文献是对期刊论文引文进行统计和分析的重要信息源之一,在本规范中采用GB7714推荐的顺序编码制格式著录。­ ­ 2 参考文献著录项目­ a.主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。

多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”。主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。

­ b.文献题名及版本(初版省略)。­ c.文献类型及载体类型标识。

­ d.出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。­ e.文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。

­ f.文献起止页码。­ g.文献标准编号(标准号、专利号……)。

­ ­ 3 参考文献类型及其标识­ (1) 根据GB3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:­ 参考文献类型 专著 论文集 报纸文章 期刊文章 学位论文 报告 标准 专利 ­ 文献类型标识 M C N J D R S P ­ (2) 对于专著、论文集中的析出文献,其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”;对于其他未说明的文献类型,建议采用单字母“Z”。­ (3) 对于数据库(database)、计算机程序(computer program)及电子公告(electronic bulletin board)等电子文献类型的参考文献,建议以下列双字母作为标识:­ 电子参考文献类型 数据库 计算机程序 电子公告­ 电子文献类型标识 DB CP EB ­ (4) 电子文献的载体类型及其标识­ 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献,当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时标明其载体类型。

本规范建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型:­ 磁带 (magnetic tape)——MT,磁盘(disk)——DK,光盘(CD-ROM)——CD,­ 联机网络(online)——OL,并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识:­ [文献类型标识/载体类型标识]如: ­ [DB/OL]——联机网上数据库(database online)­ [DB/MT]——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)­ [M/CD]——光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM)­ [CP/DK]——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)­ [J/OL]——网上期刊(serial online)­ [EB/OL]——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)­ 以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。­ ­ 4 文后参考文献表编排格式­ 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后;表上以“参考文献:”(左顶格)或“[参考文献]”(居中)作为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格,并用数字加方括号表示,如[1]、[2]、…,以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。

参照ISO690及ISO690-2,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下: ­ ­ a.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(可选).­ [1] 刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录 ­­.北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.­ [2] 辛希孟.信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994.­ [3] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983.­ [4] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析 ­­.北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997.­ ­ b.期刊文章­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.­ [5] 何龄修.读顾城《南明史》[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.­ [6] 金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33(4):62-67.­ ­ c.论文集中的析出文献­ [序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码.­ [7] 钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵玮.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996.468-471.­ ­ d.报纸文章­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).­ [8] 谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).­ ­ e. 国际、国家标准­ [序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].­ [9] GB/T16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].­ ­ f.专利­ [序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期.­ [10] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-26.­ ­ g.电子文献­ [序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).­ [11] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]. ,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.­ [12] 万锦坤.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.­ ­ h.各种未定义类型的文献­ [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z]。

8.英语专业毕业论文格式

英语专业论文格式规范 A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms (题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”) (学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中) 【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)

【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) 1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) 2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don't know。

我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。

(正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号) 3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms 3.1 The characteristics of English idioms (正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号) …. In conclusion, …. 3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. 3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms … (i) …. …. (ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion …. Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981. 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。

接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲。

9.英语专业毕业论文的基本格式

湖北师范学院外国语学院英语专业本科毕业论文 撰写基本要求及格式规范 本格式规范在参照《湖北师范学院本科毕业论文(设计)工作实施办法》的基础上、结合英语研究论文撰写的特点而制定,适用于湖北师范学院外国语学院英语专业全日制本科毕业论文的撰写。

一、毕业论文(设计)打印页面设置 1、页面设置:16开版面,单页打印。 2、页边距及行间距:上2.5厘米,左2.5厘米,下2厘米,右2厘米,左侧装订,页眉1.5,页脚1.75。

除一二级标题及特别注明外,行间距统一为1.25。 3、页眉:目录、摘要、正文、参考文献每页页眉居中标注“湖北师范学院外国语学院**届英语系毕业论文(设计)”字样,五号宋体居中打印。

4、字体和字号:按相应部分的要求分别设置。 5.页码编号:从正文起每页页脚加注页码(宋体五号居中),封面页、目录页、英、汉摘要页不编页码。

二、毕业论文(设计)构件及格式要求 外国语学院本科生毕业论文应由以下几个部分构成: 1、封面页:独立一页(具体格式见附件1) (1)学号:按学生成绩册的学号填写。 (2)编号:按毕业年份+外国语学院编号+班级编号+学号的最后两位共十位填写。

如:2008040122。 (3)研究类型:按基础研究、应用研究、综合研究等类型填写。

(4)分类号:按中国图书分类号填写。 (5)封面中论文标题栏部分为Times New Roman三号。

封面顶部项目为中文宋体小四号,其余部分用中文宋体三号填写。 2、毕业论文诚信承诺书: 本科毕业论文诚信承诺书见外国语学院网页提供的附件,按照要求格式填写,该页独立成一页,附于封面页后的第一页。

3、目录页(英文):独立一页,(具体格式见附件2)。 (1) 除“Contents”一词用Times New Roman三号加粗外,其他统一用Times New Roman小四号。

(2)本页内的论文目录及页码部分由正文标题内容自动生成。请使用word的目录生成功能,具体操作为:分别选择正文中标题文字,用主菜单“格式”中的“样式与格式”功能定义正文中的标题级别,定义完毕后,再点击主菜单中“插入”→“引用”→“索引和目录”即可自动生成目录。

(3)目录页只生成至二级标题。 4、英文摘要页:独立一页(具体格式见附件3),本页主要由以下内容构成: (1)英文标题:英文标题一般不宜超过10个单词,可加副标题,Times New Roman三号加粗居中。

该项与下项内容之间空一行。 (2)作者及导师姓名的汉语拼音:例如:WANG Hui (Tutor:ZHANG Yanghong) ,Times New Roman小四号居中。

(3)作者个人信息:用圆括号圈起,例如 (Class 0403, College of Foreign Studies, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, Hubei),Times New Roman五号居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。

(4)摘要(Abstract):一般150-200个单词,Times New Roman五号左对齐,abstract一词加粗后用冒号,第一个字母大写。 (5)关键词(Key words): 3~5个英文单词,Times New Roman五号左对齐,key words两词加粗后用冒号,第一个单词首字母大写,每个关键词之间以分号和空格分隔。

5、中文摘要页:独立一页,但如果篇幅较少,可以与英文摘要页合并成一页(具体格式见附件4)。本页主要由以下内容构成: (1)中文标题:中文标题不得超过30个字,可加副标题,黑体三号加粗居中。

该项与下项内容之间空一行。 (2)作者及导师姓名:例如:王慧(指导教师:张阳红)。

宋体小四号居中。 (3)作者个人信息:用圆括号圈起,例如(湖北师范学院外国语学院 0203班, 湖北 黄石 435002)。

宋体五号居中。该项与下项内容之间空一行。

(4)中文摘要:论文内容不加评论的简短陈述,中文摘要200-300字。宋体五号左对齐。

(5)关键词: 3~5个中文词组,每个关键词之间以分号和空格分隔。宋体五号左对齐。

(6)分类号:填写中国图书分类号(见附件5)。 6、正文部分:多页(格式见附件6) (1)标题与正文:论文题目不定义为标题级别,统一为Times New Roman三号加粗居中。

正文内每部分均用一级编码加标题标识,各部分内可再设二级编码和三级编码表示文章层次(思路发展方向),即全文采用三级编码制,按如下格式定义: 标题级别 格式要求 1.标题1 标题1:Times New Roman四号加粗,关键词首字母大写,段前0.5行 左对齐 1.1标题2 标题2:Times New Roman四号加粗,关键词首字母大写,段前0.5行 左对齐 1.1.1标题3 标题3:Times New Roman小四号加粗,第一个单词首字母大写 左对齐 正文 正文: Times New Roman小四号 段首行按Tab键 自动缩进 (2)表格:尽可能采用三线表,表中段落行距为单倍行距。 (3)图形:直接插入的插图应有图标图号,不能直接插入的图应留出插图空位。

插图宽度一般不超过10cm, 用绘图纸绘制的,线条要均匀,主线与辅线粗细比例为2∶1。图中文字、符号书写要清楚,并与正文一致,尽可能采用电脑绘图。

(4)文字表述:论文要求层次清楚,语言流畅,语句通顺,无语法和逻辑错误,无错字、别字、漏字。论文的表述应当以科学语言描述研究过程和研究结果,不要以口语化的方式表达,论文中科技术语和名词应符合规定的通用词语,并使用法定计量单位和标准符。

毕业论文英文文献格式及要求

关于PLC毕业论文的英文文献和翻译(求PLC相关英文文献以及中文翻译——毕业设计急用)

1.求PLC相关英文文献 以及 中文翻译——毕业设计急用

你要的不知是不是这个。

希望帮得了你。 Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you'll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization. System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development. User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today's transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions. Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you'll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical 。

2.求一篇和PLC有关的英文文献,带中文翻译的,感激不尽

我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库: ---------------------------------------------------------- ❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ❷Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) ❸EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ❹ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 ❺Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 ❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库 ❽国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库 ❾推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻译得自己做了,实在不成就谷歌翻译。

弄完之后,自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦。

3.求PLC相关英文文献带中文翻译~急需~可加分200

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you'll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization. System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development. User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today's transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions. Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you'll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external 。

4.求PLC相关英文文献带中文翻译~急需~可加分200

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you'll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization. System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development. User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today's transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions. Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you'll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external 。

5.plc的英文文献

[1]Michel Gilles.Programmabe Logic Controllers:Architecture and Application Wiley.1990.

[2]G.L.Batten. Programmabe Controllers:hardware.software and Application..New York:MC Graw-Hill.1994.

[3]Cheded.Al-Mulla. Control of a four-level elevator system using a programmable logic controller. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education,2003

6.求关于PLC 的外文的 参考文献 就是书名 作家 年份,要英文的

A water pumping control system with a programmable logic controller (PLC) and industrial wireless modules for industrial plants—An experimental setup

ISA Transactions, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 3 December 2010

Ramazan Bayindir, Yucel Cetince

7.plc的英文文献

[1]Michel Gilles.Programmabe Logic Controllers:Architecture and Application Wiley.1990.

[2]G.L.Batten. Programmabe Controllers:hardware.software and Application..New York:MC Graw-Hill.1994.

[3]Cheded.Al-Mulla. Control of a four-level elevator system using a programmable logic controller. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education,2003

8.寻找有关PLC的英语文献书

Kevin Collins , PLC Programming for Industrial Automation , Exposure Publishing (February 5, 2007)

John R. Hackworth , Frederick D. Hackworth ,Programmable Logic Controllers: Programming Methods and Applications,Prentice Hall (April 21, 2003)

关于PLC毕业论文的英文文献和翻译

毕业论文翻译英文文献算抄袭(英语专业论文,如果把几篇汉语文献翻译成英语,拼凑成一篇论文,算)

1.英语专业论文,如果把几篇汉语文献翻译成英语,拼凑成一篇论文,算

1,算抄袭。抄袭的判断标准是内容抄袭,不论什么语言、什么形式。

2,不会被计算机系统检测出来。我们的计算机系统是简单比对。每个字和字母在计算机里都是一个二进制编码串。计算机系统检测,说白了就是对比一个个二进制编码串是否一样。如果一样的比较多,就怀疑抄袭。计算机系统还无法做到理解内容的水平,只是形式对比。所以它不可能检测出来汉语和英语之间是否内容一致。

3,你的老师有可能看出来。人脑的对比主要是内容对比,辅以极少量的形式对比(看看找不同游戏,计算机可以瞬间找出形式不同,人就费了劲了)。所以如果你的老师脑子里有你抄袭的那几篇中文文献,再一看你的英文论文,马上就能发现抄袭。所以你如果要这么干,就是赌一把,赌你的老师没看过那几篇中文文献。

毕业论文翻译英文文献算抄袭

毕业论文英文引言翻译的额(帮忙把一个论文的引言翻译成英文~急~)

1.帮忙把一个论文的引言翻译成英文~急~

第一、二个回答,光看头半句就知道是机器翻译,语法错误摆出。

我猜lz是毕业论文什么的吧,O(∩_∩)O哈哈~,我也在弄论文的事情呢,不过是开题报告。

为了100悬赏,我可是从吃完了饭翻到现在哦,是不是机器翻的,你可以验证下;不过我以人格担保,是我自己翻译的。

我翻得很认真的,lz放心好啦 ^_^

With human's development, people's daily life can't go smoothly without computers' help. Everyday people open the computer and find that most interfaces are Windows's designed by Microsoft. As the operating system industry's leader, though Windows system can't claim to be the most popular operating system, it is definitely the mainstream of the present and most popular one. Particularly, as new versions such as Windows Vista, Windows 7 come into market, the operating system market is injected fresh blood.

It is 25 years in accompany with us since Windows system develops to this day, overcoming trials and hardships. Although the critics people give are of criticism and praise, we have to realize its popularity among computers as well as the significant role it plays.

Over the years Microsoft has been constant innovation to improve their work, in these improvements in a matter of course also includes a windows interface design. For years Microsoft has been innovating in and developing their products, certainly including the design of Windows interfaces.

From 1970s and 80s' DOS system's interface of black background with white words to the colored interface of first generation in 1985,and to the present Windows 7 interface, the design field in the world also witnessed earth-shaking changes.

The theme of this paper is to study the relevance and necessity between the design of Windows interface and the history of world design.

如果觉得哪里还有问题的话,也可以联系我的,用那个在线交谈。嘻嘻

2.下面一段论文引言用英语翻译

Reform and open policy for 20 years, our country feed industry rapid development, not only promoted the resources optimized disposition, raised the person livelihood of the people running water gentle health standard, moreover promoted under the grain yield low speed growth condition the animal husbandry, the cultivation industry high speed development. However after passes through several years fast increases long-term, our country feed industry enters the platform to send the exhibition period, appeared the competition to intensify, the profession average profit drops, the market rate of rise slows down and so on the undesirable tendency. This article aimed at restricts of a □□circulation channel our country feed industry development factors to carry on the analysis, elaborated the main question which in our country feed circulation channel pattern and the type, the feed circulation channel existed, and correspondingly put forward the feed circulation channel pattern development proposal。

3.帮我翻译一个论文的引言(中文

Introduction:Magnetic field measurement is a mean that people observe, study and use the physical processes of magnetic phenomena. Its development has a long history, the magnetic field measurement techniques embodies the collective wisdom of the ancient. Modern Physics and in particular the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies, almost any technology is relatived with the magnetic field measurements. It has been widely used in geophysics, space, military detection, bio-medical,accelerator engineering, high-temperature superconductors, magnetic floating train spin controlled thermonuclear fusion device, as well as a series of high-tech departments. So the magnetic field measurement technique must be consistent with other combination of a wide range of subjects because the update higher requirement of the magnetic field measurement techniques and equipment,and the formation of new cross_disciplinary.There are four categoriesabout the method of magnetic field : base on law of electromagnetic induction, the methods of measurement based on mechanical, base on magnetic field effect, based on the magnetic resonance method. Four methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, but via the comparative analysis, the Hall effect is a more prefect method of measuring tiny magnetic field, which is accurate. Butit is the reson for the research and improvement with this method has been watered down in recent years. Experimental Design Competition aims to encourage students to play a creative thinking, the subsided Hall-effect once will be put on the agenda again in the further study of law, and it calls for a new round of technological breakthroughs.。

4.下面一段论文引言用英语翻译

Reform and open policy for 20 years, our country feed industry rapid development, not only promoted the resources optimized disposition, raised the person livelihood of the people running water gentle health standard, moreover promoted under the grain yield low speed growth condition the animal husbandry, the cultivation industry high speed development. However after passes through several years fast increases long-term, our country feed industry enters the platform to send the exhibition period, appeared the competition to intensify, the profession average profit drops, the market rate of rise slows down and so on the undesirable tendency. This article aimed at restricts of a □□circulation channel our country feed industry development factors to carry on the analysis, elaborated the main question which in our country feed circulation channel pattern and the type, the feed circulation channel existed, and correspondingly put forward the feed circulation channel pattern development proposal.。

5.论文引言英文翻译~~~~ 高分急求 在线坐等

As a program with one of the highest audience ratings on CCTV, the "Focus Interview" is a hallmark program of China's TV news commentary. The founding and broadcasting of it has made a comprehensive and profound impact on the spread of news commentaries. It is of realistic & practical significance to study the perfect combination of silent pictures and audio comments, which influenced the target audiences with positive energies. Firstly it made a conceptual definition on the "Focus Interview" program and its target audiences. Secondly, it analyzed the use of silent pictures and audio commentaries as well as its social influences. Finally it summarized the impact that the program has on a more rational view of the target audiences on the realistic society due to the "positive energies" they received from the "Focus Interview" program.注:原文最后一句有些不通顺,做了相应修改,不知妥否?意思是:【(文章)最后总结了栏目对目标受众的影响,即目标受众因从《焦点访谈》栏目中接收到的“正能量”从而对社会现实有了更为理性的看法。】

6.求英文翻译帝~~~关于论文前言的翻译

注意毕业论文的‘论文’一定要用'paper', 不能用'article'

论包装设计中色彩的情感传达

Color's Role in Conveying Emotions in Packaging Design

色彩作为包装设计的重要元素之一,具有类似语言的功能,在对人们形成直接、强烈的视觉冲击的同时,又与消费者 产生情感上的共鸣。

Color, as one of the most important elements in packaging design, resonates with the end users which the products are targeted, both visually and emotionally.

本篇论文主要从三个方面论述了包装色彩情感传达的具体特征:人性化的互动,个性化的表现,流行化的趋向。

This paper elaborates the characteristics in three apsects how the color design conveys emotions - by humanized interaction, by personalized expression, and by visualized trend demonstration.

阐述了包装色彩的本质,即它以 人性化与个性化为基础,使商品与顾客之间产生互动与交融。总之,在市场激烈竞争的今天,色彩已成为宣传商品形象,沟通商品与消费者进行情感交流的有效途径。

It states the basic nature of color design in product packaging, that is, to create interaction and communication between the users and the commodity based on humanization and personalization. After all in the modern competative market, proper coloring in product packages has increasingly become an effective channel in promoting product images and helping communication between commodities and consumers.

7.毕业论文前言翻译成英语(急

Haining is honored as “the Chinese leather”, is the Chinese leather, the furs most famous production base and the collection and distribution center, the leather industry is Haining's pillar industry. Along with the technical progress and the productive forces development, the industrial colony's development already became one tendency. The Haining leather industry colony underwent more than 20 years development to make the very big progress, very good promotion Haining economy development, but could not deny that also had many problems on the leather industry colony's development path, this article through to the Haining leather industry colony present situation analysis, discovered that some questions and discovered the corresponding countermeasure.。

8.写论文需要一段引言要英文的 本人英语不过关啊 求高手翻译用翻译软

The conception and function of firewall is showed in this paper The network is complex and diversified on the up-and-up, Network safety is focused on by more and more people. And the importance of network security is day by day prominent Only by understand and be familiar with various threat of the network, be familiar with the network security technology, can we protect the computor and information security better. Because the network is an open environment, it is often attacked by the virus and hacker. It will make your information lost and make your computor break down. So it's obviously important to protect the computor security, and the fire wall appears. A kind of effective means for protecting the Local Sub-net appears. The fire wall technology is welcome everywhere.。

9.求英语高手翻译个论文的引言 非常着急

Subjective well-being is the basis of the quality standard of the overall evaluation of the quality of life, is an important psychological parameters. In the study, open questionnaire of 120 college of subjective well-being were investigated. Results show that: (1) the contemporary university students' subjective well-being is mainly embodied in six aspects, namely the ego, the school, interpersonal, love, family environment and leisure activities. Among them, self is the most contemporary college students' subjective well-being main index. Most students (2) can experience to happiness. (3) contemporary college students in gender, happiness was significant difference in consumption and grade, and no significant difference on major. Through the investigation and study of contemporary college students, the ego, thus improving students health and quality of life of the college students subjective well-being of health education has feasibility Suggestions and realistic significance。

毕业论文英文引言翻译的额

毕业论文英文怎么翻译(毕业论文用英语怎么说)

1.毕业论文 用英语怎么说

毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis,音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。

thesis

n.论文,毕业论文;论点,论题;命题

扩展例句

1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.

他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。

2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?

这个命题经得起推敲吗?

3、He has finished his thesis.

他的论文完成了。

4、She's finished writing her thesis.

她那篇论文写出来了。

5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.

请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。

The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.

文章论点、论据鲜明,但缺乏论证。

2."论文"用英语怎么说

“论文”一词的英文表达很多,通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达,下面罗列了几种,请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。

*dissertation(博士学位)论文,(专题)论文,学术演讲:长而正式的论文,尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文;学位论

*disquisition专题论文;专题演讲,专题讨论:关于一个论题的正式讨论,常为书面形式

*thesis命题论文:尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文

*discourse (学术)讨论,研讨用的论文

*paper 作业形式的,为达到某一目的或效果(如学位)而写的

3.毕业论文英文翻译

[abstract] Chinese contemporary pop songs with entertainment as a kind of cultural phenomenon, and the public its development and growth of our background and social development is close to the context. Pop songs with style of writing content not only the people living reaction was more realistic record with the social and cultural environment are closely linked, become popular, index of ideology. This paper attempts to some typical pop songs to explore the interpretation of the prevailing social cultural environment and behind the lyrics of social culture changes under the psychological characteristics of the group. Due to the large number of text lyrics from the Angle of selected papers will be subject to discuss four aspects, namely, the attention and eulogizing life feelings, social phenomenon observed and reflection life noumenon, the life experience and the traditional culture of regression and transformation of nature, thus developing track and lyrics literature, this paper also stage to the key of writing.

Keywords: pop songs environment psychology

毕业论文英文怎么翻译

毕业论文英文目录翻译完(毕业论文的外文翻译要写什么内容)

1.毕业论文的外文翻译要写什么内容

《关于毕业论文书写格式》 关于毕业论文书写格式 (参考某一学校的要求) 论文书写格式 论文全部要采用word 来书写,文件名统一为“report95´ ´ .doc”,其中´ ´ 代表自己的学号。

学位论文一般应包括下述几部分: 论文首页格式: 其中学位论文题目用黑体二号字,其余用宋体四号字 论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,简明、恰当,一般不超过25个字。 中文摘要及其关键词(宋体5号字b5排版): 4 论文第二页为500字左右的中文内容摘要,应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。

学位论文摘要是学位论文的缩影,尽可能保留原论文的基本信息,突出论文的创造性成果和 新见解。论文摘要应尽量深入浅出,通俗易懂,少用公式字母,语言力求精炼、准确。

4 在本页的最下方另起一行,注明本文的关键词3╠5个。 英文摘要及其关键词(宋体5号字b5排版): 论文第三页为英文摘要,内容与中文摘要和关键词相同。

学校名称:东北师范大学 院(系)名称:计算机系 本科生学号: 学 位 论 文 题 目 学 科、专 业:计算机科学技术 本科生姓名: _____ _ 指导教师姓名:_________ 指导教师职称:___________ 东北师范大学计算机系学位评定委员会 年 月 摘 要(粗宋体居中四号字) (空一行) 摘要内容(宋体5号左对齐) (空一行) 关键词:词1、词2 目录: 论文各章节的详细目录。格式如下: 计算机概论……… ………………………………..……1 1.1 计算机产生……..…………………………………………..1 1.2 计算机的发展……………………………………………..2 1.3 计算机中的进制 …………………………………………3 一 二进制表示法…………………………………………..….3 第二章 计算机文化基础……………………………………….6 其中:“章”部分使用宋粗体四号字;“节”部分采用宋体5号字 引言(或序言)(宋体5号字b5排版): 内容为本研究领域的国内外现状,本论文所要解决的问题,该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。

正文是学位论文的主体: 4 要求采用宋体5号字b5排版。每页36行,每行32个字。

页码打印在页面下方中间位置, 论文装订后尺寸为标准b5复印纸的尺寸。页眉部分奇数页使用“东北师范大学计算机系 学士学位论文”,偶数页使用论文题目的名称。

4 论文中图表、附注、参考文献、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字连续(或 分章)编号。图序及图名置于图的下方;表序及表名置于表的上方;论文中的公式编号, 用括弧括起写在右边行末,其间不加虚线。

4 学位论文一律在左侧装订,要求装订、剪切整齐,便于使用。 4 论文字数控制在1万字至3万字之间。

宋体3号字居中显示 (空一行) §1.1 宋体4号字居中显示 (空一行) 粗宋体5号字左起 正文部分宋体5号字,语言要简练,不能有错字、别字。也不能有错误的观点。

参考文献: 按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序、列于文末。 [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。

文献是图书时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。 附录: 包括放在正文内过分冗长的公式、以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复 性的数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。

2.毕业论文的外文翻译 直接抄已经翻译好的书可以么

可以的,外文翻译不查重,不计入论文抄袭。

翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但英文字符要求不少于2万翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料。

一般专业的学术网站,都会有相关的外文翻译,这个时候可以根据自己的论文话题,找到对应的学术网站去查找。如果实在找不到相关的外文翻译,可以去请教有经验的老师,他们应该都会有相关的参考网站,自己也可以有方向地寻找。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

一、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

二、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

三、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

四、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

五、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

六、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。 

七、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

八、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 

九、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

参考资料:百度百科-毕业论文

3.请问本科生毕业论文的外文翻译去哪里找

先到百度文库,找一篇此类文档中文的,然后用有道翻译,或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英

文,然后把英文放上面,中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文

献,可以在谷歌,用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。

第一是Google搜索,主要是英文,尤其是其学术搜索,意义大。

第二,通过各大学图书馆系统,进入几个主流的出版发行集团。

第三,利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)

3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。

5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

一,选题要新颖。

这次我的论文的成功,和高分,得到导师的赞许,都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域,以及新进展,这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。

二,大量文献做基础

仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献,大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫,借鉴别人的思路,和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏,当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗

三,一气呵成

做好充分的准备,不要每天写一些,每天改一些,这样会打断自己的思路,影响文章的连贯。

四,尽量采用多的专业术语

可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感,但论文是比较专业的形式,是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的,所以论文语言的专业化,术语化会提升自己论文的水平。

五,用正规格式书写

参考正规的论文文献,论文格式。不要因为格式问题,而影响到你论文的质量。

六,最好在计算机上完成写作过程

如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程,好处以下几点:1,节省时间,无论打字的速度慢到什么程度,肯定要比手写的快。2,方便,大量的文献放在手边,一个一个查阅是很不方便的,文献都是用数据库编辑,所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点,写出提纲,随时翻阅,方便写作。3,修改编辑,在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4,随时存档,写一段,存一段,防止突然停电,或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏,一个晚上的劳动,差点就全没了,幸亏男友是电脑高手,帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑,哭死算了。

七,成稿打印好交给导师

无论你的字写的多么优美,还是按照惯例来,打印出的文字显的正规,而且交流不存在任何的问题,不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞,而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁,女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题,书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。

八,听取导师意见,仔细修改

导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见,仔细参考,认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文,有颇多的经验。

4.英文毕业论文目录设置

针对该问题,笔者认为:做好英语论文目录的排版,格式是前提,理清层次是基础,统一体例是保障。

具体如下:目录格式以分层次均衡排列为佳,否则会造成比重失调,下级标题项数要么不均衡,要么不完整。要理清标题之间的层次关系,即遵循同级标题表达同一层次相互并列内容的原则进行排列各级标题,不然就会出现层次混乱、脉络不清等问题需说明的是,为使目录简洁明了,大多数论文目录仅需二、三级标题即可。

还应做到目录标题体例一致,即结构相似。否则会出现短语句子混用、结构不一等不规范现象。

值得一提的是,论文中的致谢、摘要等部分应列入目录中,尽管其页码标记要求各异,但一般阿拉伯数字页码标记从正文开始计数。结语目录也是论文目录不可或缺的一部分。

论文撰写前,它能帮助组织论文材料;论文撰写中,它能检查落实论文进展;论文修改中,它能审视修改论文逻辑。综述,论文的目录排版应从目录格式、层次关系、标题体例等方面着手,着重核查论文中的各级标题是否比例均衡、层次清晰、结构得当,只有这样才能确保论文目录排版的质量和美观。

5.急求

Abstract I

CONTENTS II

Introduction 1

1 Research Methods 2

2 1.1 survey

1.2 Survey Method 2

2 2 results

3 Discussion 3

3.1 The patient's psychological status before surgery 3

3.2 preoperatively to do missionary, strengthen psychological care 4

3.2.1 Mission 4 ward nurses

3.2.2 operating room preoperative interview 5

3.3 Psychological care surgery 6

3.4 7 psychological care after surgery

4 Conclusions and Recommendations 8

Acknowledgements 10

11 References

Appendix 12

望采纳

6.帮忙翻译一下论文目录

The first chapter 1 introduction

1.1 introduction 1

1.2 paper organization structure 1

The second chapter system related theory and technology overviews 2

2.1 MVC pattern basic principle 2

2.2 asp.net MVC framework 3

Section 2.3.1 for ammeters asp.net MVC framework profile 3

2.2.2 asp.net MVC framework advantages of 5

2.3 the ado.net Entity Framework of 5

2.4 LINQ profile 6

2.5 Jquery 7

The third chapter 9 of system analysis and design

3.1 system overview 9

3.2 system development technology and tools 9

3.3 system functional division 10

3.4 system, the general framework 10

3.4.1 level classification 10

3.4.2 functions and duties as 10

The rule 3.4.3 module partition and interaction design 11

The design of the interface 3.4.4 possible actions 12

3.4.5 system adopts the mode of design and

3.5 establish systems use case model of 17

The role of 17. Sure 3.5.1 track

3.5.2 create cases of 17

3.5.3 building use case diagram of 17

3.6 system entity class design 20

The fourth chapter of the s

毕业论文英文目录翻译完

英文的毕业论文怎么翻译(毕业论文英文翻译)

1.毕业论文英文翻译

[abstract] Chinese contemporary pop songs with entertainment as a kind of cultural phenomenon, and the public its development and growth of our background and social development is close to the context. Pop songs with style of writing content not only the people living reaction was more realistic record with the social and cultural environment are closely linked, become popular, index of ideology. This paper attempts to some typical pop songs to explore the interpretation of the prevailing social cultural environment and behind the lyrics of social culture changes under the psychological characteristics of the group. Due to the large number of text lyrics from the Angle of selected papers will be subject to discuss four aspects, namely, the attention and eulogizing life feelings, social phenomenon observed and reflection life noumenon, the life experience and the traditional culture of regression and transformation of nature, thus developing track and lyrics literature, this paper also stage to the key of writing.

Keywords: pop songs environment psychology

2.毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。 

7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

英文的毕业论文怎么翻译

转载请注明出处众文网 » 毕业论文英文文献翻译的格式

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