毕业论文的英文文献哪里找

APS美国物理学会电子出版物AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊ACS美国化学学会数据库IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库Elsevier ScienceIEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library但估计你们学校没有数据库。如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。

毕业论文英文文献原文怎么找

毕业论文的英文资料哪里找(毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的)

1.毕业论文的外文文献去哪里能找到比较好的

1、手工查找图书馆外文期刊

2、检索图书馆外文数据库

推荐两个外文数据库，分别是EBSCOhost(/54-2/2288.htm。

3.请问本科生毕业论文的外文翻译去哪里找

先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英

文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文

献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。

第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。

第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。

第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。

1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）

3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。

5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义，并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证与步骤； d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

一，选题要新颖。

这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。

二，大量文献做基础

仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗

三，一气呵成

做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。

四，尽量采用多的专业术语

可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。

五，用正规格式书写

参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。

六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程

如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。

七，成稿打印好交给导师

无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。

八，听取导师意见，仔细修改

导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。

4.英语专业毕业论文最后的外文资料在哪里找啊

1.一般学校里的图书馆都会有关于自己数据库、论文库的链接的，比方万方维普清华等等。基本都是在电子阅览室里，你可以向图书馆的工作人员咨询。

然后用U盘拷走做参考。

2.历年师哥师姐的论文，这个你可以向论文老师，或者已经毕业的校友要。

3.图书馆的专业期刊，这些上面也有很多不错的内容的，一般图书馆还有过刊检索库，可以试试，有时候也蛮管用的。

4.其实有不少专业点的书，比方翻译、文学，都是有中英文对照，或者全英文的，上面就有不少好的东西，可以做参照的。

如果楼主还有什么问题，尽管问我，我也是英语专业的，说不定能帮上忙。

朋友如果你的论文题目过于生僻，你可以向指导老师寻求帮助。当年为了防止大家论文撞题，我们系里是由论文老师写好方向及参考题目，然后抽签。再由做某一方面研究的老师带，有些同学分到的题目很生僻，数据库也找不到，就是老师有资料，毕竟他们在搞学术研究的。

5.英语本科毕业论文

你这是两个问题，一个是文献检索，另一个是免费得到文献第一个问题：检索文献1、图书馆，系资料室翻看图书杂志2、查阅各种Abstract，按关键词KingLear,tragedy或按作者查找。

各学科都有专业文摘出版3、网上通过ISI的数据库，googlescholor等搜索引擎检索ISIwebofknowledge：谷歌学术fin 、文献追踪检索，每部专业图书获论文后面都会有参考文献的第二个问题——免费得到1、上述谷歌学术检索到的文献有些可以直接点击免费阅读的2、学校、研究单位和一些大型图书馆是打包购买了国外电子期刊的，到这些地方去上网，或找你们学校图书馆要帐号，就可以免费阅读下载了3、在数据库里检索到作者的email地址，发电邮找作者索取pdfpaper，一般作者都很乐意提供的，你还可以借此与专家建立联系，为日后进一步深造创造条件这些文献他人不方便帮你查找，因为有些方法要组合使用，如跟踪检索一定是在得到具体文献后方可使用的，这是要看你自己的选题和兴趣了。其实这时写论文，并非要让你们拿去发表的，而是培养锻炼你们的能力的，所以你还是要抓住机会锻炼自己。

希望对你有所帮助。

毕业论文的英文资料哪里找

毕业论文附录的相关英文文献(急求)

1.【急求

Role of Enterprise Strategy Successful companies are those that focus their efforts strategically. Strategy should be a stretch exercise, not a fit exercise. To meet and exceed customer satisfaction, the business team needs to follow an overall organizational strategy. A successful strategy adds value for the targeted customers over the long run by consistently meeting their needs better than the competition does. Strategy is the way in which a company orients itself towards the market in which it operates and towards the other companies in the marketplace against which it competes. It is a plan an organization formulates to gain a sustainable advantage over the competition. The central strategic issue: why different companies, facing the same environment, perform differently. Strategy answers the following questions: what are the sources of the company's sustainable competitive advantage? how a company will position itself against competition in the market over the long run to secure a sustainable competitive advantage? what are the key strategic priorities? Strategy is an agreed-on guide to action that should lead business to success in the marketplace by satisfying customer needs better than the competition does. Strategy formulation is the major task for the company entrepreneur and CEO, but it is the task of middle managers and project managers to carry this strategy out and turn it into results. Strategic Leadership As a strategic leader your prime responsibility is to ensure that your organization is going in the right direction. To be able to identify the right strategy and pursue it to the desired result, you need to master two important functions: strategic thinking and strategic planning. Ten Major Schools of Strategic Management Ten deeply embedded, though quite narrow, concepts typically dominate current thinking on strategy. These range from the early Design and Planning schools to the more recent Learning, Cultural and Environmental Schools8 New Approaches to Strategy Formulation The currently dominant view of strategy is the resource-based theory. Traditional strategy models, such as Michael Porter's five forces model, focus on the company's external competitive environment. Most of them do not attempt to look inside the company. In contrast, the resource-based perspective highlights the need for a fit between the external market context in which a company operates and its internal capabilities. According to this view, a company's competitive advantage derives from its ability to assemble and exploit an appropriate combination of resources. Sustainable competitive advantage is achieved by continuously developing existing and creating new resources and capabilities in response to rapidly changing market conditions. In relation to the 10 traditional approaches, today, strategy formulation should also be a combination of them - judgmental designing, intuitive visioning, and emergent learning; it should be about transformation as well as perpetuation; it has to involve individual cognition and social interaction, co-operative as well as conflictive; it must include analyzing before and programming after as well as negotiating during; and all of this must be in response to what can be a demanding environment.8 Blue Ocean Strategy: 6 Principles Blue ocean strategy is about revolutionary value innovation. The six principles drive the successful formulation and execution of Blue Ocean Strategy. These principles attenuate the six risks。

More Balanced Organization: 5 Basic Elements Empowered Employees (Metal): Building Your Sustainable Competitive Advantage Sustainable competitive advantage is the prolonged benefit of implementing some unique value-creating strategy based on unique combination of internal organizational resources and capabilities that cannot be replicated by competitors。 More SWOT Analysis: Questions To Answer What is your strongest business asset? What unique resources do you have? What do you offer that makes you stand out from the rest?。

More Your Strategic Intent Strategic intent is a high-level statement of the means by which your organization will achieve its vision. It is a core component of your dynamic strategy. Strategic intent cannot be planned all in advance. It must evolve on the basis of experience during its implementation。 More Market Leadership Strategies The market leader is dominant in its industry and has substantial market share. If you want to lead the market, you must be the industry leader in developing new business models and new products or services. You must be on the 。

2.如何查找毕业论文的相关英文文献

Sciencedirect 这个网站目前国际上具有权威性的论文网站，

你只需要在"All fields"处（如图）输入你想要写论文的关键字，比如你想写“爆破方面的论文”那你就可以输入“blasting"，然后点击"Search sciencedirect "，下面就会出来很多与“blasting"有关的论文；

然后，你选择你想要的论文，比如"The numerical analysis of borehole blasting and application in coal mine roof-weaken "，那么你可以在点击题目下方的PDF(909k)即可下载（如图）。

下面是网址/science_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=1580740382&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&_acct=C000056885&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2318800&md5=&searchtype=a\

毕业论文附录的相关英文文献

毕业论文英文文献网站(50分跪求一些能在线或者下载看英文学术论文的网站)

1.50分跪求一些能在线或者下载看英文学术论文的网站

您好，这里有一些网址，希望对您有用。

1。 The NASA Astrophysics Data System -- 世界最大免费全文网站，超过300,000篇全文主要学科：天体物理学 2。

HighWire Press -- 世界第二大免费全文网站，超过235,812篇全文主要学科：生物学、医学 3。主要学科：物理、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学等。

文件格式以PostScript为主，如没有相应的阅读软件，可以选择生成PDF文件格式。 4。

Behavioral and Brain Sciences 主要学科：行为科学、脑科学 5。 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 主要学科：医学 6。

CogPrints 主要学科：心理学、神经科学、行为科学、语言学、人工智能、哲学 7。 GPO Access 美国政府文献 8。

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) 世界最大的社会科学文献网站 9。 National Academy Press 美国国家科学院、国家工程院、医学协会等机构报告 10。

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 美国国家卫生统计中心的统计报告 11。 NCSTRL 计算机科学研究报告和论文 12。

Project Gutenberg Electronic Public Library 电子图书，2002前提供10000种全文电子图书 13。 Thomas Legislative Information on the Internet 美国国会图书馆提供的美国国会报告和历史文献 14。

UNESCO 联合国教科文组织提供的文档 15。 United States Geological Survey 美国地质考察报告 16。

World Development Sources (World Bank) 世界银行报告 17。 Delphion 世界各国专利，可看到前十三页全文 18 美国数学学会（AMS）的三种免费期刊 Bulletin Electronic Research Announcements Notices of the American Mathematical Society 19 Physics Today 美国物理学会（American Institute of Physics）提供的免费杂志 20 Frontiers in Bioscience 生物科学期刊和图书，文章被Biosis、CA、Medline等重要二次文献数据库引用 21 The World Wide Web Journal of Biology 被Biosis Previews引用 22 Science Magazine 23 Scientific American 24 ACM Digital Library 25 Issues in Science and Technology 《科学与技术问题》，美国。

1984年创刊，全年4期，ISSN 0748-5492,National Academy of Sciences，探讨和阐述科学、技术和卫生事业发展中的政策问题。 26 Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 《符号逻辑通报》，美国。

1995年创刊，全年4期，ISSN 1079-8986，刊载数学、哲学、计算机、语言学等领域中有关符号逻辑方面的论文、书评和会议论文摘要。 27 Progress of Theoretical Physics 《理论物理学进展》，日本。

1946年创刊，全年12期，ISSN 0033-068X，发表日本理论物理学者的研究成果。文章用英文、德文、法文发表。

28 Australian Journal of Physics 《澳大利亚物理学杂志》，澳大利亚。 1948年创刊，全年6期，ISSN 0004-9506，刊载物理学（从基本粒子到天体物理学）领域的研究论文、简讯和评论。

29 New Journal of Physics 《新物理学杂志》，英国。 1998年创刊，ISSN 1367-2630，是一种全文电子杂志，它在物理学领域相当具有权威性。

该杂志编辑竭力通过出版对物理学家有益并能引起物理学家关注的高品质文章，从而把《新物理学杂志》办成本领域最主要的科学杂志。 30 Journal of Biological Chemistry 《生物化学杂志》，美国。

1905年创刊，全年52期，ISSN 0021-9258,Journal of Biological Chemistry Subscription，刊载生物化学领域的研究成果。高价刊。

31 Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 《化学与药学通报》，日本。 1953年创刊，全年12期，ISSN 0009-2363，发表生物分析化学、生物化学、药理学、毒理学和生物药学方面的研究论文及报告，用英文出版。

32 Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 《微型机械与微型工程杂志》，英国。 1991年创刊，全年4期，ISSN 0960-1317，刊载微型机电、微型机械和真空微电子技术方面的研究论文，涉及微型系统的控制、程序和建造、微型结构和器件、集成电路、电子与光子器件等基本结构、器械和系统设计研究。

33 VDI-Z 《德国工程师协会综合生产杂志》，德国。 1857年创刊，全年12期，ISSN 0042-1766，刊载机器制造、金属加工工艺、生产规划管理、生产系统、生产评价以及金属加工设备与系统等方面的论文，兼及行业新闻、新产品介绍。

34 Modern Machine Shop 《现代机械车间》，美国。 1928年创刊，全年12期，ISSN 0026-8003，全面报道制造与机械工业的新闻和技术信息，内容包括工程、工业机器人、研究与开发、程序设计、安全规则与设备等。

35 Process Engineering 《加工工程》，英国。 1920年创刊，全年12期，ISSN 0370-1859，刊载化工加工技术以及设备、材料和保养等方面的文章。

36 Signal 《信号》，美国。 1946年创刊，全年12期，ISSN 0037-4938，美国武装部队通信与电子学会的会刊，刊载有关电信、电子和技术摄影在军事应用方面的文章，以及指挥、控制、通信与情报的研究进展报。

2.中国知网如何下载外文文献

1、首先搜索“中国知网”，点击进入中国知网网站。

2、然后在搜索栏中输入自己需要下载的外文文献的主题，点击搜索。

3、找到所需要下载的一篇外文文献，单击题目进入。

4、进入如下图画面后，复制该文献的DIO。

5、然后搜索网站SCI-HUB，进入网站后，在搜索栏粘贴之前复制的DIO，点击“open”。

6、这时候你所需要下载的外文文献就会显示在网页中，单击上方的下载箭头，保存其PDF就完成了。

3.免费英文学术论文网站

^_^，我这里有几个：

Stanford 大学 Graduate School of Business 论文库：或：） /education/reference/papers/ 英语毕业论文[1829] 毕业论文的引文[208] 毕业论文选题和观点方面的…[139] 毕业论文的评价[83] /Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=1398 教育论文网：）很多的 /lw/list3-1.htm。

毕业论文英文文献网站

本科生毕业论文的英文文献(大学生就业英文参考文献)

1.大学生就业英文参考文献

你可以在论文图书馆上面下载：panies are less and less. we are sellers and excutive companies are buyers which are much less than the sellers. so it will be a very difficult problem for us to find a content job. because of the working pressure, we had to accept the job which is not very related to our major or does not adapt to us.

in order to be a stronger competitor in the battle, we must train ourselves to become a type of "T" talent. so pressure is not only an obstacle but also a motivity.

2.写本科毕业论文要写外文文献,急

英语（科技/经贸英语）毕业论文

英语论文类文章1001篇，里面有很多的：）~

英文的毕业论文

或：）

英语毕业论文[1829]

毕业论文的引文[208]

毕业论文选题和观点方面的…[139]

毕业论文的评价[83]

教育论文网：）很多的

英语论文：）

UMI外文博硕论文库

Springer外文期刊

EBSCO外文期刊

OCLC NetLibrary图书

SPE和SPWLA全文资料下载

万方外文传递系统

西文期刊目次数据库（CCC）

两种外刊在线

美国石油工程师学会（SPE）会议论文

cnpLINKer（中图链接服务）

Socolar（教图链接服务）

以上网站也可以找到，只是收费的.

答案补充

你自己一点也不出力啊？自己找！！！

3.【急求

4.英文文献格式

[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧，是他们的成就的表现。

如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer's financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22 [29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22 希望有帮助。

呵呵你看看，对你有帮助：毕业论文参考文献规范格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1):56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001:42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所， 1983:1-7.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院， 1997:9-10.7.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。

四、参考文献参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。

多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等，并列写出来。

5.大四,做毕业论文,想找一篇英文文献及翻译,与新闻有关,3000字左

With the rapid development of the network, the financial network has become an irresistible trend in the world, simple to say that the financial networks that use the Internet, with financial management as the core, business management and financial management integration, to achieve various remote operation, simple, efficient handling all types of economic activities. Network Finance in China is still not mature enough, must solve existing problems and propose solutions to response measures, and eventually realize the real meaning of the financial network.。

6.英语本科毕业论文范文

不知道下面这个能否合你要求。

呵呵（因字数有限制，我可发给你）英语本科毕业论文 The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles Thesis statement: Everyone knows that Tess's life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion. Outline Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles A. Women's role in industrial movements during 19th century in England B. A brief commentary of the novel 1. the writer --Thomas hardy 2. general introduction of the novel Ⅱ.Tess's spirit of revolt all through her life A. Tess's fight to the moribund society 1. the moribund society 2. Tess's fight to the moribund society B. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept 1. the traditional moral concept 2. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept C. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion 1.the hypocritical religion in that time 2. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion D. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage 1.Tess's unfortunate marriage 2. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring. Abstract This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess's fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life. key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate 内容提要本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。

然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论：（1）苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争；（2）苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗；（3）苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗；（4）苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。

最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。关键词：悲剧，反抗精神，工业运动，不幸命运。

本科生毕业论文的英文文献

毕业论文英文相关文献(急求)

1.【急求

2.如何查找毕业论文的相关英文文献

Sciencedirect 这个网站目前国际上具有权威性的论文网站，

下面是网址/science_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_ArticleListID=1580740382&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&_acct=C000056885&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2318800&md5=&searchtype=a\

3.求英语专业教学类毕业论文外文参考文献

就要外文参考文献是吗 1] A S Hornby. Oxford Advanced learner's English-Chinese Dictionary [Z], Oxford: Oxford University Press, The Commercial Press, 2004. [2] Baker, M. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. [3] Fernando. C. Idioms and idiomatic [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. [4] Judy Pearsall. The New Oxford dictionary of English [Z] Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [5] Nida, E.A. Language and Culture [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.。

4.求毕业论文的英文文献

如需全文，请发邮箱过来Electronic trading platforms and the cost-effective distribution of open market option (OMO) pension annuities AbstractOver the next years, the ageing profile of the UK population will lead to a sharp increase in the volumes of pension annuity sales. Every individual that participates in a defined contribution occupational or a personal pension scheme is obliged to convert the capital accumulated into a regular post-retirement income by purchasing an annuity before the age of 75. To ensure a more competitive market the UK Financial Services Authority has ruled that from 1 September 2002 pensioners must be informed that they have the right to purchase their annuities from suppliers other than their current pension provider—this is termed exercising an open market option (OMO).However, the complicated nature of pensions and annuities means the purchase of an annuity is highly dependent upon the information provided by the sellers of these products and the advice received. Given that OMO's are supposed to encourage purchasers to be able to access information on a whole range of annuities from the various suppliers in the market, a single web-based hub that linked manufacturers, distributors and existing industry portals seemed the obvious solution to the challenges facing the industry following the government legislation. However, while the industry recognised that a single product purchasing and servicing system would meet the data management needs of all its stakeholders and carry enormous potential to realise cost and business process efficiencies, the competitive nature of the industry and the slow decision making processes within the individual companies has meant that the project to build 'The Annuity Exchange' has suffered a number of setbacks and delays.This article describes the business case for 'The Annuity Exchange', its objectives and design, and the technical/industry engagement issues it has faced.Keywords: E-commerce; Financial services; Pension annuitiesArticle Outline1. Introduction2. Background: the UK pensions system and the regulatory structure of advice2.1. Recent trends in the UK pensions system2.2. The changing structure of advice3. Previous information management strategies and their shortcomings4. An industry-wide dynamic quotations model4.1. Access to the intermediary portal4.2. Costs and benefits of The Annuity Exchange4.3. Issues with The Annuity Exchange project5. 。

5.【急求

6.大四,做毕业论文,想找一篇英文文献及翻译,与新闻有关,3000字左

7.英文文献格式

四、参考文献参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。

多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等，并列写出来。

毕业论文英文相关文献

毕业论文英文文献写在哪里找(论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢)

1.论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢

在中国期刊网或：） /education/reference/papers/ 英语毕业论文[1829] 毕业论文的引文[208] 毕业论文选题和观点方面的…[139] 毕业论文的评价[83] /Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=1398 教育论文网：）很多的 /lw/list3-1.htm 英语论文：） /lw/list3-1.htm。

5.本科毕业外文翻译的外文文献在哪找呢

去你们学校网站上进入图书馆的主页，里面找到知网的入口，在里面搜索跟你做的毕业设计相关的关键词，搜索硕士博士论文，下载下来，硕士博士论文的参考文献里引用有外文文献题目（入果想要没被翻译过的，就看文献的发表日期，发表日期越新就越不容易被人翻译过），然后看看你们学校图书馆有没有购买SCI、EI等外文数据库，有的话直接将刚才的外文文献题目复制到外文数据库里，搜索就可以下载了，如果没有购买外文数据库的话，那就试试百度、谷歌等网站上能不能搜到这个题目，或者找外校的同学求助。

毕业论文英文文献写在哪里找

工业工程毕业论文英文文献

1.请帮我翻译一篇关于工业工程的外文文献

在很大程度上手册和重复的任务和输出是不争的事实。

在第二次世界大战之后，研究工作开始慢慢地进入了背景为工业工程师将注意力转移到更多的定量分析所作的努力。一些工程师，还涉及工厂，开始发展的一般模型，有效的生产和分销。

其他人发展中的数学优化搜索较少的困境，他们可以申请模型不仅能生产，并且对卫生保健、运输和军事行动。还有其它工业工程师创建领域的风险和决策分析的工具，设计可以使用任何决策。

工程研究工作的控制，显示和迁移往人机界面：主题应该更严谨在实验室中进行比在工厂。大约在同时，工作的本质开始改变。

最初，变化的速率被充分慢，这是不合理的，对一些工业工程师的概念和技术开发为工厂保持足够的大多数其他的工作。有证据表明，然而，在当代社会已经改变了足以提供这样一个假设嫌疑人（非，1999年），美国的职业结构已经发生了巨大的变化。

在过去的50年。蓝领就业已经稳步减少而白领工作已经扩大。

现在超过就业服务于制造业就业。专业技术职业雇用更多的美国人，今天比任何其他职业领域进行劳动统计局的数据。

动态的职业群体内的工作已经发生了很大的变化。

2.谁有与工业工程有关的外文论文资料啊

The temperature and humidity sensors were to detect the temperature and humidity to the physical conversion into electrical signals, with their low noise amplifier (LNA) to enlarge, ADC (A / D), to TA89C52 SCM data analysis Processing. The crew accepted the top of the visit, according to the need to temperature, humidity real-time data transmitted to the PC, from PC to the warehouse temperature and humidity data recorded and dealt with accordingly. As different areas, different environment on the granary temperature and humidity requirements of different users can plus keyboard, in the context of the need to set arbitrary system monitor the temperature and humidity indicators, so that the system adapt to different needs. The system of using high-precision temperature sensor LM35DZ, characterized by low power consumption, at room temperature and under no circumstances can be calibrated to provide the linear range factor of +10 mV / ℃. HS11 system used in the relative humidity sensor. He used solid polymers patent structure, its unique performance breakthrough in the traditional area of the humidity sensor: the complete interchangeability without calibration, recovery and response time is short, the accuracy of ± 3% RH, humidity range 0 ~ 100% RH . The crew established by the fire, burglar alarm function, the fire alarm is set to the highest priority. When the smoke / flame sensor detected "a situation", the detection circuit output of 48 kHz square wave signals, the TA89C52 judgement, confirmed after the launch of similar sound alarm fire engines. When pyroelectric infrared sensors to detect "the situation", by the detection circuit output of 36 kHz square wave sent TA89C52 judgement, confirmed after the police launched a similar alarm sounds, to create a differentiation. Once a warning signal there, will be the order of RAM in the AT89C52, the crew sent alarm signal, the alarm at the same time, time, place (warehouse), alarm types of data to the PC, until the PC response so far. Staff must be required to operate out of warehouses, PC will be recorded visit to the warehouse, and the time to visit.。

3.谁有与工业工程有关的外文论文资料啊

4.急求一篇土木工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译,不少于3000个单词

Research on the construction safety management of Civil Engineering In recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of security.Two, the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a standard for project.Therefore, the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of works.As for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety 。

5.谁能帮我提供一篇有关工业设计方面的英文文献吗

industrial design design of products made by large-scale industry for mass distribution. Designing such products means, first, planning their structure, operation, and appearance and then planning these to fit efficient production, distribution, and selling procedures. Clearly, appearance is but one factor in such a complex process. Nevertheless, in consumer goods especially, appearance design is widely accepted as the principal virtue of industrial design; it is that portion of the whole least subject to rational analysis and, like craft secrets of the past, most advantageous in commercial competition. On the other hand, design of equipment for production, for services, and for sports is expected to demonstrate utility; but in these products, too, appearance design is increasingly important. Industrial design is supplied to manufacturers by three kinds of designers: staff designers, fully employed by one firm; designers under contract, who may serve several clients simultaneously, generally avoiding conflicts of interest; and free-lancers, who sell designs, often with royalty agreements, to the best-paying manufacturer. The first industrial designer recognized as such worked under admirable conditions: Peter Behrens (1868–1940) in 1907 was hired by the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft in Germany to be their architect, industrial designer, and graphic designer—in fact, to give unified visible character to the numerous activities of a giant enterprise. Behrens had other clients and professional duties besides. A member of the architectural profession, Behrens applied its standards and ethics to his work as industrial designer, founding in 1907, with others, an important association of designers and businessmen, the Deutscher Werkbund. As a direct result, a number of these German and Swiss associations became well-established professional organizations of industrial designers. In the United States and Great Britain industrial designers initiated legally recognized professional associations, with codes of conduct, educational standards, etc. In London the Royal Society of Arts designates qualifying practitioners as Royal Designers for Industry; in the United States the Industrial Designers Society of America grants memberships only to those subscribing to codes and limitations of practice. In Britain the Council of Industrial Design was established in 1944 to advise on design, recommend designers, and provide courses in design appreciation for trade and exhibitions for the public. The International Council of Societies of Industrial Design was founded in London in 1957, and within 25 years it had members in more than 40 countries. Industrial design has evolved no unified style, even for industries in which handwork is minimized. There have been, however, four significant style trends. The first of these is an emphasis on impersonality that Behrens was the first to establish. Design for industry, whether determined by an individual or by a group, shows a certain neutrality of expression. Impersonality has, on the one hand, been acclaimed as a natural aspect of mass production and marketing, of average taste in a democratic community; on the other hand, it has been criticized as submission to the machine, contradictory to free, individual expression. The style has, so far, persisted. A second trend in industrial design is packaging, such that the designer provides a protective case for a product, leaving the inner workings to engineers. Complicated mechanical and electronic assemblies that have come into common use require protective shells for safety, cleanliness, and orderly appearance. In this instance, industrial designers are sometimes accused of superficial embellishment of a sort suitable to package design and fashion. The third trend is streamlining, a design principle pioneered by Raymond Loewy and others in the 1930s and still widely employed, although the term itself has fallen out of fashion. As the name suggests, streamlining is characterized by contours designed to minimize resistance to motion through a fluid (as air). Originally associated with trains, automobiles, and other vehicles, the bullet shapes and sleek lines of streamlining were seized by industrial designers and applied to objects (e.g., toasters) intrinsically unassociated with speed. The fourth trend is artificially accelerated obsolescence, that is, design changes that intentionally tempt owners to replace goods with new purchases more frequently than would be necessary as a result of normal wear and tear or established custom. Beginning in the field of fashion, artificial obsolescence has become 。

6.急求一篇关于工业设计的英文论文,15000字符以上

工业设计 Industrial Design .sg/books?hl=en&id=B-NS3KW8RJ8C&dq=Industrial+Design+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=ViZeIxrx5U&sig= designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales.Definition of industrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange.Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottl。

7.毕业论文要求外文文献,外文文献需要全文翻译吗

这个不用全部翻译的，只要选择自己需要的内容翻译。

翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万。选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。

6、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

7、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

参考资料：百度百科-毕业论文

工业工程毕业论文英文文献

毕业论文英文文献哪儿找

1.请问本科生毕业论文的外文翻译去哪里找

先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英

文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文

献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。

第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。

第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。

第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。

1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）

3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。

一，选题要新颖。

二，大量文献做基础

三，一气呵成

做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。

四，尽量采用多的专业术语

五，用正规格式书写

参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。

六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程

七，成稿打印好交给导师

八，听取导师意见，仔细修改

导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。

2.毕业论文的英文文献去哪里找

Abstract

In the rapid development of network in today, all the companies will not let such a huge market. Online marketing their way to save a lot of manpower and resources, will become the first choice. Especially small and medium enterprises and some early entrepreneurs, because of the low threshold of market access to the network would want to take this opportunity to one-fist and foot. They therefore demand for online marketing system will be particularly urgent, but their web site does not require a high standard, as long as the right to direct and reflect their product prices and features and better security, and can help enterprises do some long-term system and theupdatin

本文来自：专业毕业设计网（）详细出处参考：

3.论文的外文参考文献从哪里找呢

在中国期刊网ki.net/里找，有那种英文的文献，之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。

APS美国物理学会电子出版物

AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物

ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊

ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊

ACS美国化学学会数据库

IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊

RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊

AIAA美国航空航天学会

John Wiley电子期刊

Kluwer电子期刊

Springer LINK 电子期刊

EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库

Elsevier Science

IEEE/IEE Electronic Library

ACM Digital Library

但估计你们学校没有数据库。

如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。

4.本科毕业外文翻译的外文文献在哪找呢

毕业论文英文文献哪儿找

市场营销毕业论文英文文献

1.市场营销英文文献翻译成中文3000字

一、服务营销。

现代经济发展的一个显著特征是服务业的蓬勃发展，其在国民经济中的地位愈来愈重要，服务营销的重要性日益突出，中国已经加入WTO ，外资企业纷纷抢滩中国，中外服务市场营销大战将出现白热化的态势。现实经济生活中的服务可以区分为两大类。

一种是服务产品，产品为顾客创造和提供的核心利益主要来自无形的服务。另一种是功能服务，产品的核心利益主要来自形成的成分，无形的服务只是满足顾客的非主要需求。

贝瑞认为，在产品的核心利益来源中，有形的成分比无形的成分要多，那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“商品”（有形产品）；如果无形的成分比有形的成分要多，那么这个产品就可以看作是一种“服务”。与服务的这种区分相一致，服务营销的研究形成了两大领域，即服务产品的营销和顾客服务营销。

服务产品营销的本质是研究如何促进作为产品的服务的交换；顾客服务营销的本质则是研究如何利用服务作为一种营销工具促进有形产品的交换。但是，无论是服务产品营销，还是顾客服务营销，服务营销的核心理念都是顾客满意和顾客忠诚，通过取得顾客的满意和忠诚来促进相互有利的交换，最终实现营销绩效的改进和企业的长期成长。

First, services marketing. Modern economic development is characterized by a significant service industry booming national economy, the status of its growing importance of services marketing highlights the growing importance of China has joined WTO, foreign companies have to seize the Chinese, and foreign services, marketing war will appear white-hot trend. Economic life of service can be divided into two categories. One is service products, product creation and delivery for customers mainly from the core interests of intangible services. The other is the function of services, products, mainly from the formation of the core interests of the ingredients, invisible only to meet customer service needs of non-major. Berry think that the source of the product's core interests, the tangible and intangible elements of composition to be more than that, then the product can be seen as a "commodity" (tangible products); if intangible components of tangible elements to more than that, then the product can be seen as a "service." And services consistent with this distinction, service marketing research formed the two major areas, namely services, products, marketing and customer service marketing. Service is the essence of product marketing, how to promote the exchange of product services; customer service is of the essence of marketing, how to use the services as a marketing tool to promote the exchange of tangible products. However, both services product marketing, or customer service, marketing, service marketing is the core concept of customer satisfaction and loyalty, and by obtaining customer satisfaction and loyalty to the promotion of mutually beneficial exchange, and ultimately sales performance improvement and long-term business growth. 二、网络营销。互联网络是一种利用通讯线路，将全球电脑纳入国际联网的信息传送系统必将是未来市场营销最重要的渠道。

网络营销的特性包括；可24 小时随时随地地提供全球性营销服务；电脑可储存大量的信息，代消费者查询，可传送的信息数量与精确度，远超过其他媒体；能因应市场需求，及时更新产品或调整价格；减少印刷与邮递成本；且无店面租金，节约水电与人工成本；可避免推销员强势推销的干扰；可经由信息提供与互动交谈，与消费者建立长期良好的关系。互联网络是一种功能最强大的营销工具，它同时兼具渠道、促销、电子交易、互动顾客服务以及市场信息分析与提供的多种功能。

它以声光互动沟通的特质，作为跨越时空的媒体，已深深吸引年青一代人的眼光。此外，它所具备的一对一营销能力，正是符合[ 分众营销]与[ 直效营销]的未来趋势。

网络营销可视为一种新兴的营销渠道，它并非一定要取代传统的渠道，而是经由信息科技发展，来创新与重组营销渠道。但不可否认的是，网络营销必然会给传统营销造成冲击，因此商业界必须要注意这种趋势，并与软件产业作密切的联系与合作。

以广告业为例，在最新媒体时代，销售是从开始到完成的一贯作业，就是说由吸引注意、引发兴趣、造成购买欲、进行采购，一气而成，而广告公司将参与营销的全程。商业企业也有必要改变传统的组织形态，提升新媒体部门的功能，引进兼具营销素养与电脑科技的人才，未来才能具备市场的竞争优势。

Second, network marketing. Use of the Internet is a communication line, into the international network of global computer information delivery system will be the next most important channel for marketing. Internet Marketing features include; can provide anytime, anywhere 24 hours of global marketing services; computer can store large amounts of information, on behalf of consumer 。

2.市场营销外文参考文献

2、（美）约翰.A.昆奇著，吕一林译，？市场营销管理—教程与案例？北京.北京大学出版社，2000

3、查尔斯.戴克著，李圣贤译宝洁的观点内蒙古.内蒙古人民出版社1999

4、JamesAFitzsimmons著，张金成范秀成译，《服务管理》，北京.机械工业出版社2000

5、RaymondP.Fisk等著，张金成等译，《互动服务营销》北京.机械工业出版社2000

6.菲利普？？科特勒.营销管理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2001

3.求一份营销策略方面的论文文献,要中英文都有的

参考文献

〔l」黄凤玲.关注烟草经济高增长下的深入调整，《中国烟草》，2005.3,

38一39页

〔2」〔美〕斯蒂芬卫罗宾斯.《管理学》第7版，中国人民大学出版社，2004,

365页

〔3」钟涛、何立眠、朱佳著.《整合营销》，山西经济出，1998,127页

[4」麦克尔.波特.《竞争优势》，华夏出版社，2005,202页

[5]吕忠信.《世界烟草经济》，中国科学技术大学出版社第1版，2006,

65页

〔6〕国家局经济运行司.盘点成果稳中进取，《中国烟草》，2005.3,

21页

[7〕编者.2004中国烟草回眸，《中国烟草》，2005.3,45页

[8]彻纳东尼和麦唐纳著.《创造强有力的品牌》，中国经济出版社，2004:

26页

[9」刘钟详.国际卷烟流行口味特点及其对我国消费的影响，《烟草科

技》，2006.4,61页

仁10〕编者.2007中国烟草回眸，《中国烟草》，2007.12,12页

【11]刘宗柳.卷烟消费的市场现状与潜力分析，《中国烟草》，2006.6,

47页

〔1幻王长根.《学习型企业文化理论与实践》中国经济出版，2005,

123一124页

「13〕于建原.《营销管理》，西南财经大学出版社，2003,96页

〔14」中国江西网，中国卷烟零售户经营状况调查，W卿.jxcn.。n

〔15〕龚锦华.（（企业战略、文化、管理研究报告》，2006,162页

〔16」毕长敏主编.烟草流通企业战略与管理，东北财经大学出版社，

2004.6,137页

〔17」刘志峰.零售业态之变催促烟草流通改革，《中国烟草》，2006.8

55页

[18]中国烟草在线e more beautiful tradition. You will find himself very beautiful, the old man is beauty. You will know, father is satisfied, pay is happy. Choose filial old man! Action is the proof!。

5.急求营销英文参考文献

wikipedia "marketing" 有非常多的连结中英文都有Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of others.Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or services.Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative industry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches.Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the culture.Four PsMain article: Marketing mixIn the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: product, price, place and promotion. * Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. * Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. * Placement (or distribution): refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. * Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company.。

6.急

一、商品销售研究市场营销职能，经验的做法是从商品销售入手。

美国市场营销协会定义委员会1960年曾发表过这样一个定义：“市场营销是引导商品或劳务从生产者流向消费者或其使用者的一种企业活动。”这个定义虽不承认市场营销就是销售，但是认为市场营销包含着销售，也包含着对商品销售过程的改进与完善。

许多学者认为这个定义过于狭窄，不能充分展示市场营销的功能。然而，不论其是否恰当，这个定义清楚地揭示了市场营销与商品销售的关系。

商品销售对于企业和社会来说，具有两种基本功能，一是将企业生产的商品推向消费领域；一是从消费者那里获得货币，以便对商品生产中的劳动消耗予以补偿。企业是为了提高人们的生活水平而采用先进生产组织方式进行社会化生产的产物。

在资源短缺的现实经济中，它通过在一定程度上实现资源集中和生产专业化，能够利用规模经济规律来提高生产效率，创造和传播新的生活标准。商品销售是生产效率提高的最终完成环节，即通过这个环节把企业生产的产品转移到消费者手上，满足其生活需要。

在另一方面，社会选择市场和商品交换方式，在企业转让产品给消费者的同时，通过让企业获得货币，是因为社会需要保持企业生产经营的连续，以便更多地获得提高生产效率的好处。通过商品销售，让商品变为货币，社会可以为企业补充和追加投入生产要素，而企业因此也获得了生存和发展的条件。

商品销售十分重要。企业需要尽最大努力来加强这一职能。

其具体的活动包括：寻找和识别潜在顾客，接触与传递商品交换意向信息，谈判，签订合同，交货和收款，提供销售服务。然而，进行商品销售是有条件的。

要顺利进行商品交换的有关条件包括：（1）至少有两个主体，他们分别拥有在自己看来是价值相对较低、但在对方看来具有更高价值的有价物（商品、服务的货币），并且愿意用自己所拥有之物来换取对方所拥有的有价物；（2）他们彼此了解对方所拥有的商品的质量和生产成本；（3）他们相互之间可以有效地进行意见沟通。例如洽谈买卖条件，达成合同；（4）交易发生后他们都能如意地消费和享受所得之物。

但是常常发现，这些条件不是处处成立的，因此企业经常会面临销售困难的局面。为了有效地组织商品销售，将企业生产的商品更多地销售出去，营销部门就不能仅仅只做销售工作，还必须进行市场调查研究、组织整体营销、开发市场需求等活动，而且要等到后面这些工作取得一定效果以后，才进行商品销售。

First, merchandise sales Research marketing functions, experience from the practice of selling goods start. American Marketing Association definition of the Commission in 1960 had published such a definition: "Marketing is to guide producers of goods or services from consumers or users of the flow of a business activity." This definition does not recognize the marketing is marketing, But that marketing includes sales, also includes the sale of goods to improve and perfect the process. Many scholars believe that this definition is too narrow, can not fully demonstrate the functions of marketing. However, regardless of whether they are appropriate, this definition clearly reveals the marketing and merchandising relationship. Sales of goods for business and society, has two basic functions, the first enterprise to the production of consumer goods areas; First, from the consumer to obtain money, goods to the production of labor compensation to be consumed. Enterprises is to improve people's living standards and the use of advanced production organization conducted a product of social production. The reality of the shortage of resources in the economy, it adopted a certain extent, to achieve the concentration of resources and production specialization, to take advantage of economies of scale to improve productivity, create and disseminate new standard of living. Sales of goods is more efficient production of the final links, through this part of the production of products transferred to the hands of consumers to meet their needs. On the other hand, social choice markets and commodity exchange, the transfer of enterprise products to consumers at the same time, through which enterprises will be able currency, because society needs to maintain a continuous enterprise production and management, to improve access to the benefits of improved production efficiency . Through the sale of goods, commodities into money, social enterprises can add and additional input factors of production, and the corporate therefore also has been the survival and development conditions. Sales of goods is very important. Enterprises need to make the greatest efforts to strengthen this function. Their specific activities include: find and identify potential customers, contacts and exchange of goods intention to convey information, negotiations, contracts, delivery 。

7.市场营销的论文（英文）

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