毕业论文范文模板英文

室内毕业论文范文英文(求篇关于室内设计的英文论文)

1.求篇关于室内设计的英文论文

Brief analysis family indoor design color factor [Abstract] color is the emotional expression of a language, it is an expression of the human heart in some very complex feelings. Color design is known as the "soul." It is the interior design of the most vivid, the most active, has a pivotal position. The success of design is the color we can meet the aesthetic demands of the residents is to express individuality. [Key words] color interior design First, color interior design is an important part of the The interior color design to be considered by a lot of factors which include space, form, structure, light, materials and colors. However, the design factors are often ignored is the color. This approach is often the color will not achieve the best results. Color choice should be included in the overall design of the building, and not like to deal with after the deal. The success of design is the color of all colors and other materials as a color combination to deal with. The most successful interior design and color of the overall design objectives. Second, the interior design of the basic requirements for color Interior design in color, there are many factors that influence the design of color. The main factors include the inherent interior. For example: the use of space for different purposes, such as workshops, wards, obviously taking into account the requirements of color, reflect the character and atmosphere of the formation varies. Another example: interior design can be different color space, in the form of further stressed or weakened. Of course, is also the interior design color reference, in a different direction under natural light colors are different, there are differences in a sense of well-being, may be used to adjust the color. Factors include the "residents". For example: the use of space, the type of person. Men, women and children of color requires a lot of difference between the colors should meet the preferences of the residents, another example: a user's activities in space and the use of the length of time. Learning classrooms, industrial production workshop, a variety of activities and work, require a different line of sight conditions, in order to improve efficiency, safety and comfort. Finally, should also be factors, including the space around which the environmental factors. Color and the environment are closely linked, especially in the interior, reflective color can affect the other colors. And a different environment, through the outdoor landscape can be reflective to the interior, the color should also be made to coordinate with the surrounding environment. Third, the color of the interior design 1. Color coordination. Indoor color design is the fundamental problem of color matching issues, Van Gogh said: "There is no bad colors, only with bad." Color effect of different colors depending on the relationship between the same color in different background conditions, a The results can be very different. Visual organs in accordance with the natural physiological conditions, with different colors on request. There will be a lot of visual color phenomenon. The vision colors of the organ to stimulate the instinct to carry out the swap in order to maintain visual physiological balance, and only when the color of the complementary relationship-building, the only vision and balance are met. 2. Indoor color composition. Color in the interior composition can often play a special role. (1) can cause people to hide or attention. (2) objects can have a swelling sense of contraction. (3) color can be fabricated in the form of indoor space, to break the pattern of the original space. (4) Color Indoor enable the object of varieties, materials, texture, form each other to form internal relations.。

2.与室内设计相关的英文文章

Decor 参阅下面网站 1.Los Angeles Home And Decor Magazine - Home The magazine Los Angeles lives with for the home! Save 40% off the newsstand price. 。

March/April 2008. Home. About Us. Contact Us. In Every Issue. Subscribe 。 homedecormag.com - 5k - Cached 2.Home and Decor Did you pick up Home and Décor up at this year's Toronto Interior Design Show? 。

such as Shoppers Drug Mart, Fortinos and Dominion also carry Home and Décor. 。 /homeaccentsdecor/magazineracks - 4.HOME DECOR MAGAZINE 。 Bronze and Marble Statues, Fountains, Columns, Fireplaces, Mantels, 。

HOME DECOR MAGAZINE. Mantel Paradise - Marble Mantels and Fireplaces << click link 。 /marblebronzehome decor magazine.htm - 5.Home | Home & Decor Home & Decor's Editor, Sophie Kho, draws on her experience and the advice of 。

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Product/Service Links | Home Improvement Costs | FREE Magazine/Subscribe 。 - 8. SPH 。

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Auctions > Home & Furnishing > Furnishings > Other 。 sg.auctions.yahoo.com/sg/i::237325692。

3.英语毕业论文范文“how to improve the ability of english reading ”

Some people think that reading is a verysimple matter. You move your eyes along the line, and the author's message appears somehow in your mind. When a person is highly skilled as a reader, it does seem that something like that takes place. However, the actual reading process is quite complicated. Try to think back when you were first learning to read, or observe a young child learning to read. It is a very difficult, complex, sometimes, painful process. Reduced to its simplest elements, we might say that comprehension is a part of the communication process of getting the thoughts that were in the author's mind into the reader's, but how does one reader can get the idea clearly? It depends on the reading ability of the reader's. How can the readers make improvements in reading? There are many skills to improve one's ability of reading comprehension. One of the most important skills in reading is the knowledge of word .The number of the words you know determines the difficulty and complexity of the material you can read and understand. If you have an extremely limited reading vocabulary, you will be able to read only very simple material. Obviously, vocabulary forms a stumbling block for the poor reader. The more words you memorize, the faster you read the article. So, it is necessary to memorize words as much as you can. By the way, it should be realized that approximately half of all written English material is composed of the 300 commonest words. Certain words then have a very high occurrence and are used over and over again. Since the English vocabulary is so vast, you cannot hope to master vocabulary only by learning your lessons in the classroom. Reading of course involves much more than simply knowing the dictionary meaning of individual words. When coping with unknown vocabulary. You have to develop strategies, which will allow you either to discover the meaning of the words or at least to proceed further with the text in spite of not knowing the meanings of some new words. One of the efficient ways is guessing the unknown vocabulary. Guessing the meaning of words is a shortcut in reading. While reading in our own language, we usually have an unconscious habit of making logical inference as to the meaning of words based on the context. You can use the context to get the meaning and to help you develop the comprehension skills. To be a good reader, deducing the meaning of unfamiliar lexical items through contextual lines is necessary. In order to improve reading ability. It's essential to memorize words and master the ways of guessing the meaning of words, besides, when reading, you should catch the phrases as a unit of meaning and view the sentences as a unit of meaning. Sentences are the basic building blocks for writing something that will be read. A sentence, as a larger unit of meaning, is always about something--its subject--and always has a statement about the subject. The form of a sentence may be vary, but the subject and the statement about it are always there. The idea conveyed by a sentence will always come to you as a whole. So being familiar with various sentence patterns and being able to have a good sense of what is conveyed by a sentence, even a very long one with some clauses inside, will be helpful for a more mature and efficient reading. So do the paragraph and passage. But the paragraph and passage are more complex than the sentence. A paragraph has sentences that are connected with each other in some logical ways and a passage is the connection of the paragraphs.。

4.英语毕业论文的范文和格式

Generally speaking, a speech may have the following stylistic characteristics: To begin with, it must be very persuasive. Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetitions, parallelism and contrasts frequently used. Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should not only be orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring. Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved. Finally, in many cases, written-conversational style is usually used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure. Bibliography: [1]. Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963 [2]. Wang Shouyuan, Essentials of English Stylistics, Shandong University Press, July, 2000 [3]. Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing, Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998 [4]. Widdowson, H. G. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, Longman, 1975 [5]. Leech, G. N. “ 'This bread I break' Language and interpretation”. In D.C. Freeman. (ed.). Linguistics and Literature Style. New York:Holt, Rinhart & Winston. Acknowledgements: It was really a laborious task to accomplish a B.A thesis. Many people gave me support and help in the process of writing the paper. I'd like first to give my grate to my dear teacher, vice professor Mr. Liu Fagong, who generously gave me his kindly help and instructions during the whole process of my paper-writing. Then I'd like to give my many thanks to my classmates who helped me a lot with my information collecting and paper-polishing. Most important of all, I want to give my thanks to my mother university and all the teachers in the English College, who educated and cultivated me to be a qualified teacher in the future. A Brief Introduction to the Author: Su Zhanghai, a student in Class One 1988 Grade, majoring in English Education, and a well-to-be teacher in Shandong Agricultural University, who whole-heartedly gives his best wishes to all the teachers in Qufu Normal University.Article resource :。

5.与室内设计相关的英文文章

Decornbsp；参阅下面网站nbsp;1.Losnbsp;Angelesnbsp;Homenbsp;Andnbsp;Decornbsp;Magazinenbsp;-nbsp;Homenbsp;Thenbsp;magazinenbsp;Losnbsp;Angelesnbsp;livesnbsp;withnbsp;fornbsp;thenbsp;home!nbsp;Savenbsp;40%nbsp;offnbsp;thenbsp;newsstandnbsp;price.nbsp;。

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6.写一篇英语800字小论文

In modern society, we tend to become more and more aware of our living environment or physical environment, because we is not clean as before. So many people now choose their house as to its environment but not its location and expenses to afford it. As we all know, the environment pollution is more and more serious during these years, what we could do is to make great efforts in protecting environment gradually. As to government pollution, as to common people. We also try to protect it and make it remain clean. Although we have managed to protect the environment to a certain extent. It is still a very long way to go. The phoenix Mountain is a place of interest. Every day, it welcome a great many visitors. Years ago, a few people didn`t care about environment protection there. For example, waste paper, plastic bags and tins carelessly disposed could be seen everywhere. A few visitors not only killed animals, caught birds, but also picked up flowers and dug trees. What`s more, some of them set fire for cooking in the woods. People showed a real concern over the problem . And fortunately, measures have been taken to deal with the problem. As a result, the environment there has changed. For example, the visitors take away their rubbish. They do not hunt any more. Besides, people protect trees and all kinds of plants. Futhermore, all the tourists bring their food for lnch by themselves in order not to cause fire. Now ,it is more beautiful than before. We must sing high praise for the good deeds. man and environment the world we live in is becoming more and more intolerable because of environmental destruction. bird flu and sars are two typical examples that environmental destruction may threaten our life. besides, forest destruction , water and air pollution result in decrease of planting land and unpleasant weather. serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some measures to deal with it. first of all, the authorities should adopt the policy of “sustainable development”, and laws concerning environmental protection should be put into effect and enforced strictly just as our government has been doing. what' s more, every citizen should realize the seriousness of the problem and make concerted efforts to protect our environment. in addition, planting trees helps improve and beautify the environment.。

7.论文摘要翻译（室内设计）

* VI image and brand design studio interior design

Pick to

As a design company, its interior space design is not only a staff working environment, but also show their image of a platform. An excellent design, not only makes sense, office space is designed to promote efficiency, increase productivity, and also reflect the whole image of the enterprise, employees in psychological satisfaction, increase customer's trust. Interior design program is to guarantee the quality of design, general is divided into four stages: the preparation stage design, design phase, design of construction stage, design implementation (construction) stage. According to the design process of office space, according to the specific needs of the staff and the characteristics of space design and layout of the pertinence, in order to meet the needs of personnel, to create a convenient and comfortable working personnel of the working environment, and improve the efficiency of the staff, create value for enterprises.

This topic is * * interior design studio, as entrusted by the VI and interior design.

Keywords: brand design, VI design, Interior design

8.英语本科毕业论文范文

不知道下面这个能否合你要求。

呵呵（因字数有限制，我可发给你）英语本科毕业论文 The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles Thesis statement: Everyone knows that Tess's life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion. Outline Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles A. Women's role in industrial movements during 19th century in England B. A brief commentary of the novel 1. the writer --Thomas hardy 2. general introduction of the novel Ⅱ.Tess's spirit of revolt all through her life A. Tess's fight to the moribund society 1. the moribund society 2. Tess's fight to the moribund society B. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept 1. the traditional moral concept 2. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept C. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion 1.the hypocritical religion in that time 2. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion D. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage 1.Tess's unfortunate marriage 2. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring. Abstract This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess's fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life. key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate 内容提要本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。

然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论：（1）苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争；（2）苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗；（3）苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗；（4）苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。

最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。关键词：悲剧，反抗精神，工业运动，不幸命运。

9.英语论文范文

How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third EditionTo be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard either.Before you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right track.After mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc。

. and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc。

. It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. *******************Speaking:In China, you won't have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and grammar.Listening:Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words accumulations.Writing:It is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (e.g. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even better.Putting four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and speaking.The enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak English.On Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you significantly.You can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc。

. Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General English.It is the time to switch to "Your Major in English" *******************************Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the lower.Some people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, 。

10.求一篇英语论文

从最基本的说起，其实和语文的议论文一样，有introduction,body and conclusion。

Introduction- topic, point of view(optional),a breif introduction that the student will mention in the following paragraph (1st para of body). Body- a thesis statement + supportive examples + a summary of the thesis(optional) NB: one thesis (idea)/para. Conclusion- rearrangement of introduction. REMEMBER students have no idea! That's the whole idea of academic writing. Thus there is a very IMPORTANT tip you need to tell your students- REFERENCES. References need to appear in introduction,body and conclusion of the whole acticle. Academic writings are usually expositive, hence you need tell your students to use passive languages. Active words are ONLY used in Creative Writing students.。

室内毕业论文范文英文

煤的毕业论文范文英文(寻找一篇关于煤炭产业的英文文章)

1.寻找一篇关于煤炭产业的英文文章

我是大同人呵呵Raise the extension coal of the coal industry concentration degree industry chain Recently, the national hair changed Wei, railroad department, the Ministry of Transportation & Communications consociation descended hair 《concerning continued to work well part electricity coal price consultation, guarantee 2006 coal electric power produce supply of urgent notice 》.The professional call that 《notice 》of the purpose lie in disallowing a coal business enterprise decrease or stop provide coal.Therefore strengthenning the production ability of the coal profession construction, guaranteeing a coal supply to seem to be from the quality is importance. "The New Year's Day make a good beginning, the quality, quantity lay equal stress on, only we Gao Zhuang Gong3 carried out in January, 2006300,000 mine of tons quantity.Currently, the even coal group has already completed 90% electricity coal contracts to sign mission.The "river coal group Gao Zhuang Gong3 of Nan-ping well ventilated section minor course long king flaps to say toward reporter's introduction, to the coal product quality that the customer put forward request in recent years, greatly parts of coal business enterprises can carry on in the production line" cent time blow up-load separately to ship separately-wash coal"wait a few quality supervision procedure, with maximum limit the content of coal Gan stone in the clearance coal, attain national coal quality standard. "Currently the coal profession is up whole to still exist profession concentration a degree low, the technique level isn't high, development delay effect shortage, the industry chain is shorter, the difference of product is very small, the product structure isn't perfect to wait many influence coal quality of disadvantageous factor, and greatly parts of business enterprises be placed in opposite and poor region and turn to produce or withdraw a profession industry a difficulty very greatly, have no preface competition, produce safe condition to make the person worry."Absolute being Hua group president Chen of the company necessarily this a series of and disadvantageous factor station analysis say, , destined coal profession in the equal long time the period still be placed in the very vigorous competition. "But the customer request coal quality to can't die down, either at 1:00."South sun is hot to give or get an electric shock the safe production department minister piece dawn of the limited liability company to say, greatly parts of customers investigate to the coal quality no longer with country mark for basis, but with business enterprise establishment of regulation is standard, and put forward higher request to the product quality's stability, request a coal product the quality meet a request, have to also have a good after-sales service and be like their hot electricity company to have to ownly use coal quality standard. "Annexing a reorganization, raising industry concentration a degree raises coal quality necessarily from its road.This has already become a consensus in the coal profession."Chen necessarily the station think, at our country coal profession present stage, really have some small, spread, disorderly the business enterprise take no cognizance coal quality and have of the Chan be false and have of haven't yet and produce permission.Therefore, exaltation quality, light depend oneself of gradually the backlog be far far not enough, should pass market economy means the small business enterprise in the annex, reorganization greatly medium business enterprise. "2006 national point coals produce a luck to need to link up a meeting" held in this year's beginning of year up, the national hair changes Wei to declare since this year the cancel is to the intervention of electricity coal price.The nation brought coal profession new development opportunity to the first time"relaxation" of point electricity coal price.The Chinese coal markets the association vice- chairman of the board Wu3 Cheng2 Hou4's judgment, the price of the coal will be to soar trend this year, the estimate is 15 dollars ~ 20 dollars/ton is or so and enjoy social concern of still keep being a coal quality.Therefore, the whole quality level of exaltation industry, from the resources and the labor intensive type to the capital and the technique intensive type"reorganization, concentrate" be another important measure which raises coal quality.The coal profession has to continuously strengthen "build blood" ability in producing concentration to turn, scale being large to turn with synthesize mechanize. According to Chinese coal industrial ssociation a representative director introd。

2.求一篇关于煤炭类英文文章不过要已经翻译成中文的

Raise the extension coal of the coal industry concentration degree industry chainRecently, the national hair changed Wei, railroad department, the Ministry of Transportation & Communications consociation descended hair 《concerning continued to work well part electricity coal price consultation, guarantee 2006 coal electric power produce supply of urgent notice 》.The professional call that 《notice 》of the purpose lie in disallowing a coal business enterprise decrease or stop provide coal.Therefore strengthenning the production ability of the coal profession construction, guaranteeing a coal supply to seem to be from the quality is importance. "The New Year's Day make a good beginning, the quality, quantity lay equal stress on, only we Gao Zhuang Gong3 carried out in January, 2006300,000 mine of tons quantity.Currently, the even coal group has already completed 90% electricity coal contracts to sign mission.The "river coal group Gao Zhuang Gong3 of Nan-ping well ventilated section minor course long king flaps to say toward reporter's introduction, to the coal product quality that the customer put forward request in recent years, greatly parts of coal business enterprises can carry on in the production line" cent time blow up-load separately to ship separately-wash coal"wait a few quality supervision procedure, with maximum limit the content of coal Gan stone in the clearance coal, attain national coal quality standard. "Currently the coal profession is up whole to still exist profession concentration a degree low, the technique level isn't high, development delay effect shortage, the industry chain is shorter, the difference of product is very small, the product structure isn't perfect to wait many influence coal quality of disadvantageous factor, and greatly parts of business enterprises be placed in opposite and poor region and turn to produce or withdraw a profession industry a difficulty very greatly, have no preface competition, produce safe condition to make the person worry."Absolute being Hua group president Chen of the company necessarily this a series of and disadvantageous factor station analysis say, , destined coal profession in the equal long time the period still be placed in the very vigorous competition. "But the customer request coal quality to can't die down, either at 1:00."South sun is hot to give or get an electric shock the safe production department minister piece dawn of the limited liability company to say, greatly parts of customers investigate to the coal quality no longer with country mark for basis, but with business enterprise establishment of regulation is standard, and put forward higher request to the product quality's stability, request a coal product the quality meet a request, have to also have a good after-sales service and be like their hot electricity company to have to ownly use coal quality standard. "Annexing a reorganization, raising industry concentration a degree raises coal quality necessarily from its road.This has already become a consensus in the coal profession."Chen necessarily the station think, at our country coal profession present stage, really have some small, spread, disorderly the business enterprise take no cognizance coal quality and have of the Chan be false and have of haven't yet and produce permission.Therefore, exaltation quality, light depend oneself of gradually the backlog be far far not enough, should pass market economy means the small business enterprise in the annex, reorganization greatly medium business enterprise. "2006 national point coals produce a luck to need to link up a meeting" held in this year's beginning of year up, the national hair changes Wei to declare since this year the cancel is to the intervention of electricity coal price.The nation brought coal profession new development opportunity to the first time"relaxation" of point electricity coal price.The Chinese coal markets the association vice- chairman of the board Wu3 Cheng2 Hou4's judgment, the price of the coal will be to soar trend this year, the estimate is 15 dollars ~ 20 dollars/ton is or so and enjoy social concern of still keep being a coal quality.Therefore, the whole quality level of exaltation industry, from the resources and the labor intensive type to the capital and the technique intensive type"reorganization, concentrate" be another important measure which raises coal quality.The coal profession has to continuously strengthen "build blood" ability in producing concentration to turn, scale being large to turn with synthesize mechanize. According to Chinese coal industrial ssociation a representative director introduce, foreign coal。

3.谁提供几个关于煤炭的英文文献啊谢谢了

COAL -- A Fossil FuelHow Coal Was FormedHow We Get CoalHow Coal is TransportedTypes of CoalWhere We Get CoalHow Coal is Used Coal and the Environmentenergy calculatorlinks pagerecent statisticsHOW COAL WAS FORMEDCoal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons. It is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in the United States. Coal is a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to create. The energy in coal comes from the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago, when the earth was partly covered with swampy forests. For millions of years, a layer of dead plants at the bottom of the swamps was covered by layers of water and dirt, trapping the energy of the dead plants. The heat and pressure from the top layers helped the plant remains turn into what we today call coal.HOW WE GET COAL Mining the Coal Coal miners use giant machines to remove coal from the ground. They use two methods: surface or underground mining. Many U.S. coal beds are very near the ground's surface, and about two-thirds of coal production comes from surface mines. Modern mining methods allow us to easily reach most of our coal reserves. Due to growth in surface mining and improved mining technology, the amount of coal produced by one miner in one hour has more than tripled since 1978. Surface mining is used to produce most of the coal in the U.S. because it is less expensive than underground mining. Surface mining can be used when the coal is buried less than 200 feet underground. In surface mining, giant machines remove the top-soil and layers of rock to expose large beds of coal. Once the mining is finished, the dirt and rock are returned to the pit, the topsoil is replaced, and the area is replanted. The land can then be used for croplands, wildlife habitats, recreation, or offices or stores. Underground mining, sometimes called deep mining, is used when the coal is buried several hundred feet below the surface. Some underground mines are 1,000 feet deep. To remove coal in these underground mines, miners ride elevators down deep mine shafts where they run machines that dig out the coal. Read about a visit to a real underground coal mine.Processing the CoalAfter coal comes out of the ground, it typically goes on a conveyor belt to a preparation plant that is located at the mining site. The plant cleans and processes coal to remove dirt, rock, ash, sulfur, and other unwanted materials, increasing the heating value of the coal.TRANSPORTING COAL After coal is mined and processed, it is ready to be shipped to market. The cost of shipping coal can cost more than the cost of mining it. Most coal is transported by train, but coal can also be transported by barge, ship, truck, and even pipeline. Almost 60 percent of coal in the U.S. is transported, for at least part of its trip to market, by train. It is cheaper to transport coal on river barges, but barges cannot take coal everywhere that it needs to go. If the coal will be used near the coal mine, it can be moved by trucks and conveyors. Coal can also be crushed, mixed with water, and sent through a "slurry" pipeline. Sometimes, coal-fired electric power plants are built near coal mines to lower transportation costs. TYPES OF COAL Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks (lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, anthracite), depending on the amounts and types of carbon it contains and on the amount of heat energy it can produce. The rank of a deposit of coal depends on the pressure and heat acting on the plant debris as it sank deeper and deeper over millions of years. For the most part, the higher ranks of coal contain more heat-producing energy. Lignite is the lowest rank of coal with the lowest energy content. Lignites tend to be relatively young coal deposits that were not subjected to extreme heat or pressure. Lignite is crumbly and has high moisture content. About eight percent of the coal produced in the United States is lignite, and most of it comes from Texas and North Dakota. Lignite is mainly burned at power plants to generate electricity. Subbituminous coal has a higher heating value than lignite. Subbituminous coal typically contains 35-45 percent carbon, compared to 25-35 percent for lignite. Most subbituminous coal in the U.S. is at least 100 million years old. Over 40 percent of the coal produced in the United States is subbituminous. Bituminous coal contains 45-86 percent carbon, and has two to three times the heating value of lignite. Bituminous coal was formed under high heat and 。

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中文翻译：浅析我国煤矿安全现状及对策摘要：在充分分析我国煤矿安全现状和所面临形势的基础上，提出了煤矿安全科技的发展方向，并指出了针对我国煤矿现有安全生产形势的对策关键词：煤矿安全，现状，形势，对策 1 我国煤矿安全生产的现状目前我国的安全生产正在稳定中呈现好转态势，但形势依然严峻，事故多发的势头并没有得到遏制。

2009年，全国GDP达到33.54万亿元，同时也有8.97万人死于安全事故，不到4亿GDP就死亡一个人，全国每年因安全事故造成的经济损失高达3000亿元左右，约为全国GDP的近百分之一。煤矿的安全形势更不容乐观，2009年的百万吨死亡率虽比2002年下降了8成，但仍达到0.892，这个数字是美国的近100倍，是波兰和南非的10倍。

1.1 煤矿自然条件差灾害多 1.1.1 煤矿瓦斯大，煤与瓦斯突出越来越严重危险性增加我国所有煤矿均为瓦斯矿井。在100个国有重点煤炭生产企业的609处矿井中，高瓦斯矿井占26.8%。

煤与瓦斯突出矿井占17.6%，低瓦斯矿井占55.6%。国有地方和乡镇煤矿中，高瓦斯矿井和煤与瓦斯突出矿井占15%左右。

部分局矿的情况更严重，如中平能化集团公司所属的13对矿井全部为高瓦斯或突出矿井，淮南煤业集团公司所属11对矿井均为突出矿井，随着开采深度的不断增加，瓦斯涌出量不断加大，煤与瓦斯突出危险也不断增加，高瓦斯突出矿井数量也在增加。 1.1.2 自然发火危险性严重，比例大覆盖面广据统计，原国有重点煤矿中有自然发火危险的矿井占51.3%，自然发火危险矿井几乎在所有矿区都存在，因自然而造成煤炭资源的破坏，每年达数10亿元的经济损失。

1.1.3 冲击地压危险性增大，个别煤矿十分严重据统计，1999年17处大型煤矿就发生1377次冲击，最大强度达到里氏4级。辽宁省抚顺矿业集团老虎台煤矿每年发生各类冲击地压4000多次，震级达一级以上的1000多次，2002年总次数达到了6127次（其中>三级21次），平均每天发生冲击地压十七次，严重威胁煤矿安全生产和城市的公共安全。

1.1.4 煤尘爆炸危险性普遍存在，危害性严重我国煤尘具有爆炸性普遍存在。原国有重点煤矿有87.4%的矿井煤尘有爆炸危险，小煤矿中91.35%煤矿的煤尘具有爆炸危险性，其中高达57.71%的具有强爆炸性。

1.1.5 水文地质条件复杂，水害制约安全生产我国大中型煤矿中，水文地质属于复杂或极其复杂的煤矿占25.04%。2006年至2009年，全国煤矿共发生水灾事故160余起，死亡近700人，占重特大事故死亡人数的比例仅次于瓦斯事故。

1.1.6 煤矿热害已成为矿井新的灾害随着开采深度的增加，围岩温度提高，矿井热害问题越来越突出。据今年的资料统计，70处大中型生产井工煤矿的采掘面最高气温超过《煤矿安全规程》的要求，其中26处超过30摄氏度，最高达到37摄氏度。

1.2 煤矿数量多大中小并存差异大我国煤矿数量多，超过世界上其他主要采煤国家的矿井总数，目前全国共有在建和改建矿井3955处，30万吨以下的小煤矿占82.9%其中3万吨以下的有562处。西南一些地区现有新建和改建扩建矿井平均单井能力仅为7万吨。

我国煤矿的生产能力分散，全国矿井平均资源回收率为45%左右，其中小煤矿仅为15%左右。目前大中小煤矿安全生产技术与装备水平低下，抗灾能力差，给安全管理带来困难。

1.3 矿井机械化程度低安全技术装备不足据统计，原国有重点煤矿的开采机械化程度75.43%，综采机械化程度59.42%，综合机械化程度15.03%。而原有国有地方煤矿和乡镇煤矿机械化程度普遍偏低，全国平均采煤机械化水平还不到40%。

现有煤矿多数矿的监控系统装备不全，尚未实现网络化管理，部分设备功能落后。44处自然发火危险地矿井，尚未建立防灭火系统。

66处矿井尚未建立防尘供水管路。不少的矿井没有安设防隔爆设施，即使配备了防隔爆设施的矿井，设置的数量少没达到安全规程的要求。

相当一部分国有重点煤矿的甲烷断电仪、光学甲烷检测仪、甲烷传感便携式甲烷检测仪等必备的安全仪器配备不足。有164处矿井50%以上的电气设备超期服役。

数量众多的小煤矿安全装备水平更低，有的根本不具备防御灾害的能力，多数小煤矿仍旧沿用落后淘汰的电气设备，电气防爆性能差，失爆率高。 1.4 煤矿从业人员结构复杂管理落后我国煤矿用人过多，农民轮换工等从业人员构成的煤炭生产一线主体，整体文化水平低，素质差，缺乏自我保护意识和能力。

许多企业又不进行岗前安全培训，违章作业现象严重。许多小煤矿的经营者没有基本的安全生产管理技术知识，不懂安全，不管安全，不顾安全。

根据调查，30万t以上的大中型煤矿中，初中以下文化程度占62.67%，大专以上的只占5.44%，高级工程技术人员占0.3%。30万t以下的小型煤矿中，中专以上职工平均每矿不到3人。